Year: 2022

INCREASED INFORMATION. "Mechanisms by which the quantity of genetic information can increase. The three main possibilities -- duplication and divergence, symbiosis, and epigenesis." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

STRATA DISRUPTION. "Why did not natural selection, acting on entities at the lower level (replicating molecules, free-living prokaryotes, asexual protists, single cells, individual organisms) not disrupt integration at the higher level (chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, sexual species, multicellular organisms, societies)?" https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

INTRAGENOMIC CONFLICT. "The problem is not an imaginary one: there is a real danger that selection at the lower level will disrupt integration at the higher." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

HIGHER LEVELS. "In several of the listed transitions, one is effectively dealing with a group of replicators: when does such a group qualify as an organism, or -- viewed from the level if the component replicators --- a 'superorganism'?" https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY. "If an entity has replicated as part of a larger whole for a long time, it may have lost the capacity for independent replication that it once had, for accidental reasons that have little to do with the selective forces that led to the evolution of the higher-level entity in the first place." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 1. "Mitochondria cannot resume independent existence because most of their genes have been transferred to the nucleus." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 2. "Cancer cells may escape growth control, but have no independent future as protists." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 3. "Worker bees may lay male eggs, but cannot establish a new colony on their own." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 4. "The reversion from sex to parthenogenesis." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn

CONTINGENT IRREVERSIBILITY EXAMPLE 5. "The reversion from sex to parthenogenesis. Mammals are never parthenogens, probably because, at some loci in some tissues, only the allele inherited from the father is active: hence, in an embryo with no father, some essential gene activities are missing." https://lnkd.in/eZ5-m7K View in LinkedIn