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IMMUNE INNOVATION. "CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of a subset of these ERV elements in the human genome impaired expression of adjacent IFN-induced genes and revealed their involvement in the regulation of essential immune functions, including activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. Although these regulatory sequences likely arose in ancient viruses, they now constitute a dynamic reservoir of IFN-inducible enhancers fueling genetic innovation in mammalian immune defenses."(ERVs = endogenous retroviruses; IFN = interferon). https://lnkd.in/dn8M8m8 View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES AND IMMUNITY. "We found that ERVs have shaped the evolution of a transcriptional network underlying the interferon (IFN) response, a major branch of innate immunity, and that lineage-specific ERVs have dispersed numerous IFN-inducible enhancers independently in diverse mammalian genomes." (ERVs = endogenous retroviruses). https://lnkd.in/dn8M8m8 View in LinkedIn

ABUNDANT MOBILE ELEMENTS. "Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are abundant in mammalian genomes and contain sequences modulating transcription. The impact of ERV propagation on the evolution of gene regulation remains poorly understood." https://lnkd.in/dn8M8m8 View in LinkedIn

NET LOSS. "The loss of macromolecular constituents during plant tissue senescence is not associated with a concomitant rise in metabolite levels but rather with a decline in total carbon and nitrogen within the tissue. Indeed, the implied transport of metabolites out of the leaf has been substantiated in a number of cases." https://lnkd.in/dNWP3KD View in LinkedIn

GENETIC NOVELTY. "Transposable elements (TEs) are the key players in generating genomic novelty by a combination of the chromosome rearrangements they cause and the genes that come under their regulatory sway. Genome size, gene content, gene order, centromere function, and numerous other aspects of nuclear biology are driven by TE activity." https://lnkd.in/daec-Ac View in LinkedIn

SPARED UNTIL LAST. "Autolytic changes in the cell do not extend injtially to the mitochondria or nucleus, both of which remain unaffected until very late in the process of senescence." https://lnkd.in/dNWP3KD View in LinkedIn

SECOND PROPOSITION. "Second, viruses and mobile elements contribute specific genes that play major roles in the emergence of coherent wholes at a new level of complexity." https://lnkd.in/dwWBEqU View in LinkedIn

PLUNDERING THE LEAF SOURCES. ">50% of the protein and 70% of the lipid is associated with the chloroplasts.Consequently, the initial stages of the senescence syndrome involve a breakdown of membrane structure within the chloroplast." https://lnkd.in/dNWP3KD View in LinkedIn

FIRST PROPOSITION. "Here, I present evidence and argument that selfish elements make key contributions to evolutionary transitions at least at two levels. First, the parasite–host arms race leads to increased organizational complexity of biological systems, i.e. serving as a catalyst of evolutionary transitions." https://lnkd.in/dwWBEqU View in LinkedIn

REDIRECTED ENERGY. "In theory, the progressive senescence of existing somatic tissues reflects the minimum energy spent on maintenance of these tissues - energy that is thus available for seed development." https://lnkd.in/dNWP3KD View in LinkedIn