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ENFORCING COOPERATION. "If the rhizobia in a root nodule do not provide nitrogen to their leguminous host plant, the plant reduces the growth rate of the bacteria by decreasing oxygen supply. In this case, each rhizobium cell is selected to fix nitrogen to avoid both itself and its relatives within the nodule being sanctioned." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

METAMORPHOSIS. "Escher, however, was fascinated by every kind of tessellation—regular and irregular—and took special delight in what he called “metamorphoses,” in which the shapes changed and interacted with each other, and sometimes even broke free of the plane itself." There metamorphoses of geometry also obsessed Gaudí in the Sagrada Familia. https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

INTERACTING MECHANISMS. "Although we have emphasised how the mechanisms favouring cooperation can be divided up, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and there is considerable scope for interactions between them." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

TESSELLATIONS. "Regular divisions of the plane, called tessellations, are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane without overlapping and without leaving gaps. Typically, the shapes making up a tessellation are polygons or similar regular shapes, such as the square tiles often used on floors." (Reminiscent of the basic geometry of spider webs). https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSITIONS REQUIRED COOPERATION. "Almost all of the major evolutionary transitions from replicating molecules to complex animal societies have relied upon solving the problem of cooperation being solved." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207014996 View in LinkedIn

DIVISION OF THE PLANE. "M.C. Escher became fascinated by the regular Division of the Plane, when he first visited the Alhambra, a fourteen century Moorish castle in Granada, Spain in 1922." https://lnkd.in/dKF_WPx View in LinkedIn

SELF-TAUGHT. "Although Escher considered that he had no mathematical ability, he interacted with mathematicians George Pólya, Roger Penrose, and Harold Coxeter; read mathematical papers by these authors and by the crystallographer Friedrich Haag; and conducted his own original research into tessellation." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Escher View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. "A central concept Escher captured is that of self-reference, which many believe lies near the heart of the enigma of consciousness—and the brain’s ability to process information in a way that no computer has yet mimicked successfully." https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

THE IMPOSSIBLE. "One of the most intriguing is based on an idea of the mathematician Roger Penrose’s—the impossible triangle. In this lithograph, Waterfall, two Penrose triangles have been combined into one impossible figure." https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn

MIRAGE. "A third type of “impossible drawing” relies on the brain’s insistence upon using visual clues to construct a three-dimensional object from a two-dimensional representation, and Escher created many works which address this type of anomaly." https://lnkd.in/d_HZ4K8 View in LinkedIn