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PROCESS OF WEB BUILDING by spiders. https://lnkd.in/dtsQqEQ View in LinkedIn

ORIENTATION RATIONALE. "We found that upward-facing spiders had upside-down webs with larger upper parts, downward-facing spiders had normal webs with larger lower parts and sideways-facing spiders had more symmetrical webs. Downward-facing C. confusa spiders were larger than upward- and sideways-facing individuals. We also found that during prey attacks, downward-facing spiders ran significantly faster downwards than upwards, which was not the case in upward-facing spiders." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/05/10/rspb.2010.0729.short View in LinkedIn

SPIDER ORIENTATION. "Almost all spiders building vertical orb webs face downwards when sitting on the hubs of their webs, and their webs exhibit an up–down size asymmetry, with the lower part of the capture area being larger than the upper. However, spiders of the genus Cyclosa, which all build vertical orb webs, exhibit inter- and intraspecific variation in orientation. In particular, Cyclosa ginnaga and C. argenteoalba always face upwards, and C. octotuberculata always face downwards, whereas some C. confusa face upwards and others face downwards or even sideways." https://lnkd.in/d-aMVi2 View in LinkedIn

REDUCTIVE ANALYSIS. "All features of the macro-structure of the orb-webs shown can be explained by mechanical and biological constraints." Lovely analysis of mechanics of spider webs. https://lnkd.in/ddG4UHk View in LinkedIn

SPIDER GENE CODING. "Engineering mechanics and heuristics rely on the prescient power of mathematics and natural laws which give finalistic guidance for inventing structures. Good theory guarantees good machines and webs too. Thus the spider must have a very ingenious theory programmed to its genes." https://lnkd.in/dYdY4x3 View in LinkedIn

TYPES OF INFORMATION. "Nature is full of hierarchical and symbiotic structures which are optimally designed in all design aspects. Ingenious solutions in nature are transmitted by genetic codes. Human information is not transferable genetically but has to be studied, stored to design codes and transmitted by education." https://lnkd.in/dYdY4x3 View in LinkedIn

WEBS AND ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE. "We have experimentally demonstrated that electrostatically charged insects and water drops can induce rapid and comparably sized deformations in threads of the cross-spider's orb web. Such deformations likely increase the risk of capture for free-flying prey." https://lnkd.in/ddsqgS8 View in LinkedIn

INSECT ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES. "Insects can easily acquire electrostatic charge by walking over charged surfaces or by flying in an airstream of charged particles. Honeybee workers during wintertime conditions can acquire a positive charge of up to 537 pC, whereas honeybees those in non-winter weather can reach up to 200 pC. Positively charged bumblebees can even detect floral electric fields, which ability enhances their foraging success." https://lnkd.in/ddsqgS8 View in LinkedIn

DEEPER LAYER. "It seems that spider dragline is of intelligent character. When acted by a vibrating force with definite frequency, the spider dragline may produce an electric field. Or may it oscillate when subjected to an electric field?" https://lnkd.in/djskEtZ View in LinkedIn

WEB VIBRATIONAL INFORMATION. "Two years ago, a research team led by the University of Oxford revealed that, when plucked like a guitar string, spider silk transmits vibrations across a wide range of frequencies, carrying information about prey, mates and even the structural integrity of a web." Actually, the literature on this subject goes back to 1916. https://lnkd.in/dPt_MVY View in LinkedIn