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TIME LAPSE of spider building a web. https://lnkd.in/dB6TZ_2 View in LinkedIn

FUNCTION AT ALL SCALES. "A spider orb web is a complicated system based on interaction of different aspects: from the macroscopic geometry and the mechanical material’s properties to the microscopic chemical production process with internal protein structure of the silk." https://lnkd.in/dzdDcHk View in LinkedIn

CLOSE UP of spider building a web. https://lnkd.in/dVT6CFN View in LinkedIn

UNIQUE STRUCTURE. "The capability of a spider web structure to absorb energy by deforming itself without breaking is like no other structure in the world." https://lnkd.in/dzdDcHk View in LinkedIn

PROCESS OF WEB BUILDING by spiders. https://lnkd.in/dtsQqEQ View in LinkedIn

ORIENTATION RATIONALE. "We found that upward-facing spiders had upside-down webs with larger upper parts, downward-facing spiders had normal webs with larger lower parts and sideways-facing spiders had more symmetrical webs. Downward-facing C. confusa spiders were larger than upward- and sideways-facing individuals. We also found that during prey attacks, downward-facing spiders ran significantly faster downwards than upwards, which was not the case in upward-facing spiders." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/05/10/rspb.2010.0729.short View in LinkedIn

SPIDER ORIENTATION. "Almost all spiders building vertical orb webs face downwards when sitting on the hubs of their webs, and their webs exhibit an up–down size asymmetry, with the lower part of the capture area being larger than the upper. However, spiders of the genus Cyclosa, which all build vertical orb webs, exhibit inter- and intraspecific variation in orientation. In particular, Cyclosa ginnaga and C. argenteoalba always face upwards, and C. octotuberculata always face downwards, whereas some C. confusa face upwards and others face downwards or even sideways." https://lnkd.in/d-aMVi2 View in LinkedIn

ON A SPECTRUM. "Eukaryogenesis is not necessarily different in kind from other symbiotic alliances that have occurred much more recently in evolutionary history, but it is a very ancient one, affected at a basic cellular level. Accordingly, it receives very high scores along each of the axes of integration. Some (but not all) of the other symbioses have lower scores along some axes." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

HIGH LEVEL ALLIANCES. "Although there are some aspects of the eukaryotic condition that have not been documented in higher-level egalitarian alliances (e.g., gene transfer between partners), even these aspects are not unique to mitochondria and plastids, as both the Paulinella and “Chlorochromatium aggregatum” cases show." http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

MIXED COMMUNITIES. "Processes of evolution in which entities from different lineages can be bound together in the creation of new community-level reproductive individuals are not uncommon, and such symbiotic entities occur at hierarchical levels above that of the cell, sometimes among exclusively eukaryotic partners." A very fresh perspective on the old issue of the uniqueness of eukaryogenesis. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn