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VESTIGIALITY CRITERIA. "The first criterion for vestigiality is that in comparison to its state in the sister groups the structure exhibits extreme reduction. The second criterion is that the structure has lost the specialized morphology that it exhibits in the sister groups. The third criterion is that the structure has lost a salient ancestral function." https://lnkd.in/eMd4h72 View in LinkedIn

NO LACK. "Mammals provide a plethora of examples of vestigial structures." https://lnkd.in/eMd4h72 View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL CORNERSTONE. "History has revised them, creationists deny them, but vestigial organs are still an unmistakable part of our evolutionary heritage." https://lnkd.in/eTmF_BF View in LinkedIn

CIRCULATORY AND UROGENITAL VESTIGES "Other clear developmental ‘vestiges’ come from the circulatory system of eutherian (placental) mammals, which undergo rapid and radical changes from fetal to newborn circulation, and from vertebrate urogenital (excretory and reproductive) systems, which in both males and females share many incipient structures that quickly shift function during sexual differentiation." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

DEEP VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES. "Vestigial features of humans and other organisms are well known and have long been used as key evidence for evolution. Such features include not only anatomical structures but also physiological processes, biochemical reactions, and even behaviors." Not to mention fossils of transposons derived from ancient viruses that dominate genomes. http://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

DEVELOPMENTAL VESTIGES. "Ontogenetic changes (i.e., developmental modifications occurring during an organism’s lifespan) can be more drastic than phylogenetic changes, perhaps due to the speed and scope with which development advances, and similarly reflect major biological processes. Nipples in male mammals provide a classic example." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

DARWIN ON VESTIGES. "Along with paleontological evidence from the fossil record and biogeographic evidence from species distributions, Darwin turned, naturally, to comparative anatomy, citing such well-known topics as homologous and analogous (convergent) features and similarities in skeletons and patterns of embryonic development. Darwin cited another prominent finding of comparative anatomy as an obvious line of evidence for evolution: vestigial features." http://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

EMBRYONIC VESTIGES. "Numerous embryonic rudiments may be retained as recognizable remnants in later developmental stages of animals and plants, including adults." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

"PROGRESSIVE NOTIONS of natural philosophy and theology were simmering in Victorian England when, in 1844, the scientific establishment was rocked by the anonymous publication of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chambers [1844]). This best-selling book presented, in a highly accessible format, then-radical ideas on cosmic and biological evolution." http://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

GOOSE BUMPS. "Piloerection, leading to ‘goose bumps’ or ‘goose pimples,’ can be considered a vestigial phenomenon in mostly hairless humans, and the arrector pili smooth muscles that pull on hair follicles and cause this autonomic reflex can be viewed as vestigial structures." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn