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EMBRYONIC CIRCULATION. "Embryonic remnants of mammalian circulation. some of the best examples of non-functional developmental ‘vestiges’ involve mammalian circulatory changes. These are detours or shunts (pulmonary to systemic, or ‘right to left’) occurring in the shift from fetal to neonatal mammalian circulation." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MALE SEX CHORD VESTIGES. "Primary and secondary sex cords in indifferent gonads. Primary sex cords of the gonad’s medullary region become Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules that comprise the majority of the testes; later rete cords (AKA cords of urogenital union) connect these to the efferent duct (essentially, the vas deferens)." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MULLERIAN DUCT VESTIGES. "In females, the Mullerian duct becomes the oviduct, including the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina, whereas in males the Mullerian duct regresses completely or is seen as a small remnant." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL DUCT VESTIGES. "In males, the Wolffian duct becomes the efferent or deferent duct (including the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle) that stores and transports sperm and seminal fluids. In females, the Wolffian duct degenerates and remains solely as a withered rudiment." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

INDIFFERENT ORIGINS. "Males often retain relics of their ‘female’ (technically, indifferent) origins, just as females may retain remnants of structures that arise in early embryos and later become male features. Thus many non-functional developmental ‘vestiges’ relate to sex differences and sexual development." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL VESTIGES. "In early development, the embryo develops along ‘indifferent’ lines as a sort of unisex model that later differentiates into a male or female phenotype. Often, leftovers of earlier stages can be seen in adults. Many of these embryonic ‘vestiges’ cannot be seen externally; others, like nipples on the chest, are readily visible." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

UROGENITAL VESTIGES. ""The best examples of non-functional embryonic ‘vestiges’ come from the developing urogenital system. Not only do excretory (urinary) and reproductive (genital) systems share many developing tubes but there is also shared ‘plumbing’ between developing males and females." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL AORTIC ARCHES. "Ductus caroticus (as persistent third aortic arch). The carotid duct or ductus caroticus remains in some postnatal vertebrates (lungfishes and some amphibians and reptiles) as a remnant of the original embryonic connection between the third and fourth aortic arches." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

ALLANTOIS VESTIGE. "The median umbilical ligament, a remnant of the urinary urachus, itself an embryonic remnant of the allantois," (an embryonic gas exchange membrane). https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MORE UMBILICAL VESTIGES. "Umbilical arteries → umbilical ligaments, and the superior vesicular artery supplying the urinary bladder. Umbilical arteries give way to a functional section of the internal iliac arteries and superior vesicular artery that delivers blood to the dorsal portion of the urinary bladder, as well as a non-functional, obliterated portion (which led to the umbilical cord) that becomes the medial umbilical ligament." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn