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INDIFFERENT ORIGINS. "Males often retain relics of their ‘female’ (technically, indifferent) origins, just as females may retain remnants of structures that arise in early embryos and later become male features. Thus many non-functional developmental ‘vestiges’ relate to sex differences and sexual development." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL VESTIGES. "In early development, the embryo develops along ‘indifferent’ lines as a sort of unisex model that later differentiates into a male or female phenotype. Often, leftovers of earlier stages can be seen in adults. Many of these embryonic ‘vestiges’ cannot be seen externally; others, like nipples on the chest, are readily visible." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

UROGENITAL VESTIGES. ""The best examples of non-functional embryonic ‘vestiges’ come from the developing urogenital system. Not only do excretory (urinary) and reproductive (genital) systems share many developing tubes but there is also shared ‘plumbing’ between developing males and females." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL AORTIC ARCHES. "Ductus caroticus (as persistent third aortic arch). The carotid duct or ductus caroticus remains in some postnatal vertebrates (lungfishes and some amphibians and reptiles) as a remnant of the original embryonic connection between the third and fourth aortic arches." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

ALLANTOIS VESTIGE. "The median umbilical ligament, a remnant of the urinary urachus, itself an embryonic remnant of the allantois," (an embryonic gas exchange membrane). https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

MORE UMBILICAL VESTIGES. "Umbilical arteries → umbilical ligaments, and the superior vesicular artery supplying the urinary bladder. Umbilical arteries give way to a functional section of the internal iliac arteries and superior vesicular artery that delivers blood to the dorsal portion of the urinary bladder, as well as a non-functional, obliterated portion (which led to the umbilical cord) that becomes the medial umbilical ligament." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

UMBILICAL VESTIGE. "Umbilical vein → ligamentum teres hepatis. Within days after closure the umbilical vein is mostly obliterated except for a fibrous portion on the abdominal wall that remains as the ligamentum teres hepatis." https://evolution-outreach.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12052-014-0012-5 View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. "The flower variegation patterns can be determined by the frequency and timing of the excision of these transposons, and their stable insertions produce plain color flowers without generating pigmented spots or sectors; furthermore, both genetic and epigenetic regulation appeared to play important roles in determining the frequency and timing of the excision of the transposons." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065227X04801369 View in LinkedIn

OVER A THOUSAND VARIETIES of Morning Glories were bred by Japanese horticulturists since their introduction in Japan in the 9th century. Images of these extinct flower types are very hard to find but are displayed at the Tokyo National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation (Miraikan). They included a wild variety of floral forms including feathered, lobed, and frilled flowers in every type of color variation. https://lnkd.in/d2x6aNW View in LinkedIn

GENETICALLY CHARACTERIZED. "The Japanese morning glory has an extensive history of genetic studies. Many mutants in the colors and shapes of its flowers and leaves have been isolated since the 17th century, and more than 200 genetic loci have been localized for the 10 linkage groups. They include over 20 mutable loci, several with variegated flower phenotypes." https://lnkd.in/dp5iyXQ View in LinkedIn