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MICROBIOME SYMBIONTS. "Metagenomic sequencing has shown that each human gut has entered into a persistent partnership with over 150 species of bacteria, and that the human species maintains about 1000 major bacteria groups in our gut microbiome. The gene set contained by this symbiotic metagenome is about 150 times larger than that of the human eukaryotic genome. And this does not include the symbionts of human airways, skin, mouth, or reproductive orifices." View in LinkedIn

GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS. "Emergence is the fact that a structure, not explicitly represented at a lower level, appears at a higher level. In the case of dynamic self-organising systems, with decentralised control and local interactions, intimately linked with self-organisation is the notion of emergent properties." https://lnkd.in/dfAjwzM View in LinkedIn

HUMAN LIMITS. "Emergent systems are those in which even perfect knowledge and understanding may give us no predictive information." https://lnkd.in/dPMad4M View in LinkedIn

"LARGE SCALE PATTERNS in the world are usually the result of the interactions of large numbers of smaller pieces that somehow combine in surprising ways to create the large-scale pattern. Such large-scale (macro-) patterns that arise out of the interactions of numerous interacting (micro-) "agents" are called "emergent phenomena" — that is, phenomena that emerge from interactions at a lower level or scale." https://lnkd.in/dPNW2Hi https://ccl.northwestern.edu/papers/MEE/ View in LinkedIn

AUTONOMOUS THINKING. "Emergence is the phenomenon wherein a system is designed according to certain principles, but interesting properties arise that are not included in the goals of the designer." https://lnkd.in/dmJdbxk http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn

NON-OBVIOUS. "Emergent high-level properties are interesting, non-obvious consequences of low-level properties." https://lnkd.in/dmJdbxk http://consc.net/notes/emergence.html View in LinkedIn

EFFICIENCY FALSEHOOD. "There is no reason to believe that unicellular protists with large genomes regulate the expression of their genes more efficiently or with greater flexibility than do prokaryotes with much less DNA." https://lnkd.in/d6GwkCt http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10278.full View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL CONSEQUENCE. "Eukaryotic transcription is inherently noisy." When a completely foreign metabolic pathway is bolted-on, no surprise. https://lnkd.in/eT5V5Xc View in LinkedIn

CO-EVOLUTION. "DNA, RNA and proteins are major biological macromolecules that coevolve and adapt to environments as components of one highly interconnected system." https://lnkd.in/d7UdfWB View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM OF NEW GENE GENERATION in humans. Exon shuffling: 19%; gene duplication; retroposition: 1%; recruitment of a mobile element: 4%; horizontal gene transfer; gene fusion; de novo transformation of a non-coding region into a coding region. https://lnkd.in/dyvJr2S View in LinkedIn