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VIRAL ADDICTION MODULES. "Although rather stable under certain circumstances, this addiction balance can also get out of balance which means the competing viral features may become virulent again. But when stable, we can find such counter-regulating paired genes of the addiction modules, as in the RM (restriction/modulation) systems as well as in TA (toxin/antitoxin) systems." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

COOPERATIVE STRATEGY. "Viruses can co-operate, that is they interact to build groups that invade host genomes and even compete as a group for limited resources such as host genomes. This leads to an extraordinary effective result and a key behavioral motif that is able to integrate a persistent lifestyle into cellular host organisms, the ‘‘addiction’’ modules: former competing viral groups are counterbalancing each other together with the host immune system." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

INCOMPARABLY MORE EXTENSIVE. "All these lines of evidence and reasoning suggest that the principal classes of prokaryotic viruses, including positive-strand RNA viruses, retroid elements, and several groups of DNA viruses, emerged within the primordial genetic pool where mixing and matching of diverse genetic elements was incomparably more extensive than it is in any modern biological community." https://lnkd.in/dHhQ6QH View in LinkedIn

NO COMMON ROOT. "Comparative genomics provides no evidence of a monophyletic origin of all viruses. Many virus groups simply share no common genes, effectively, ruling out any conventional notion of common origin. When applied to viruses, the notion of "common genes" is not a simple one because commonality is not necessarily limited to clear-cut orthologous relationships between genes that translate into highly significant sequence similarity." https://lnkd.in/dHhQ6QH View in LinkedIn

FEW NEEDED. "Importantly, a key feature of this viral lifestyle is that only few need to remain as functional agents, such as mammalian endogenous retroviruses needed for in the syncytia, which regulates mammalian pregnancy. Here, a much larger number of retroviral-derived code (LTRs) are providing the regulatory network of the placenta." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

VIRAL NICHES. "The extraordinary diversity of double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophages is in a stark contrast to the absence of bona fide dsDNA viruses in plants. Conversely, RNA viruses are extremely abundant and diverse in plants and animals but are currently represented by only two compact families in bacteria, and so far have not been detected in archaea." https://lnkd.in/dHhQ6QH View in LinkedIn

NEW CONCEPT. "In this way what historically seemed to be competing and selfish viruses can instead provide a unifying collective of viruses (and their defective participants) to better explain evolution, conservation as well as the plasticity and often cumulative genetic identities of complex organisms more coherently than the previous quasispecies concept." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

PROTECTIVE MODULES. "All of the former competing groups become unified into stable/unstable modules that are counter-regulated, to provide immunity and memory systems, such as VDJ and CRISPRS/Cas, against related genetic parasites for the host." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

ADDICTION MODULES. "Infected host organisms are the habitats in which such formerly competing agent groups (‘‘Gangen’’) now unify in addiction modules, which provide group identity such as TA, RM, and ID modules." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

RNA RIBOSOME NETWORKS. "Recently, there has been an accumulation of experimental evidence that RNA ribozymes do act and emerge from collectives that can also form networks." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn