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DEFECTIVE PARASITES. "In most cases, parts of infectious agents remain as defectives some known as LTRs, non-LTRs, SINEs, LINEs, and Alu’s which are later on co-adapted for cellular needs such as regulation tools in all steps and fine-tuned substeps of cellular functions such as, e.g., transcription, translation, epigenetics, repair, and immunity." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

SHAPING EVOLUTION. "Obligate symbiotic relationships shape the evolution of partner lineages. In symbioses that are mutually beneficial, partners evolve traits that enable and stabilize the symbiosis: this cooperative coevolution is emphasized in most studies of symbioses. Genomic work has also revealed that obligate symbiosis produces unusual genome modifications, including extreme reduction, rapid protein evolution, and codon reassignments, all of which are evident in ancient obligate symbionts of insects." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn

COOPERATING VIRUSES. "The second but not less important point is that viruses can co-operate, that is they interact to build groups that invade host genomes and even compete as a group for limited resources such as host genomes." https://lnkd.in/eWydwab View in LinkedIn

SONG OF DARWIN. "The more I study nature, the more I become impressed […] that the contrivances and beautiful adaptations [acquired through natural selection] transcend in an incomparable degree [those] which the most fertile imagination of the most imaginative man could suggest with unlimited time at his disposal." https://lnkd.in/eykUy37 View in LinkedIn

Watch this space. http://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues with the theme of endosymbiont inheritance as part of a spectrum that concluded in the permanent engulfment of algae to form the permanent organelles chloroplasts and mitochondria during our evolutionary past. It also continues on the theme that biological individuality is an old concept and that we are holobionts, mosaic creatures composed of the genes of many species. View in LinkedIn

OPPOSING FORCES. "We have argued that symbionts are prone to evolve in directions detrimental to hosts, due both to genetic drift in clonal symbiont populations and to selection favoring selfish traits. An implication is that hosts are continually selected to compensate." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn

OBLIGATE SYMBIONTS. "Many show far more extreme genome reduction than does Buchnera. Indeed, symbiont genomes have repeatedly evolved to be the very smallest genomes known in cellular organisms (aside from organelles), with total gene counts often

OUTSOURCING COLLABORATION. "With more genome sequencing, it became apparent that Buchnera genomes in different aphid lineages continue to undergo irreversible gene loss, over long and short time scales. Similar ongoing gene loss is evident in every obligate symbiont clade for which multiple genomes have been sequenced." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn

GENETIC STREAMLINING. "Symbiont genome decay affects genes in all functional categories. The first obligate symbiont genome sequenced, that of Buchnera of the pea aphid, was most notable for the fact that it had undergone extensive gene loss and contained no novel genes yet did retain genes for biosynthesis of essential amino acids needed by hosts." https://lnkd.in/dcBwzRs View in LinkedIn