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"DIRECTED EVOLUTION mimics natural evolution in the laboratory (in vitro), but operates on a molecular level (i.e. no new organisms are created) and focuses on specific molecular properties." https://lnkd.in/dPAZwtD View in LinkedIn

NEW PHASE OF RESEARCH OPENS. "Moreover, this memory survives long enough to allow full regeneration after amputation. Remarkably, headless fragments, regenerated from original environment-familiarized worms, display significant environmental familiarity in a savings paradigm." http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/20/3799 View in LinkedIn

EMPIRICAL METHOD. "Most protein structures are so complex that it’s nearly impossible to predict how altering their structure will affect their function. So the trial-and-error approach of directed evolution is usually the fastest way to come up with a new protein with desirable traits." https://lnkd.in/dQTrNcQ View in LinkedIn

CREATING NOVEL MOLECULES. "The approach is called “directed evolution,” and scientists are using it to generate proteins that do not occur in nature — for example, cancer drugs, new microbial enzymes for converting agricultural waste to fuel, or imaging agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)." https://lnkd.in/dQTrNcQ View in LinkedIn

ACCELERATING EVOLUTION. "In nature, evolution takes place over eons: A slow accumulation of adaptations gradually produces new traits and species. But evolution can also happen on a small and fast scale in the laboratory." https://lnkd.in/dQTrNcQ View in LinkedIn

AFFINITY GAME. "Many chemicals are valuable because they bind to other molecules. Chemical theory cannot directly design “binders.” However, we might recreate in the laboratory the Darwinian processes that nature uses to create binders." https://lnkd.in/dX4ydjX View in LinkedIn

MOLECULAR EVOLUTION. "Molecules crafted in the laboratory can make copies of themselves, "Mutate", compete for resources and assemble, giving a paradigm for life." https://lnkd.in/djCifdK View in LinkedIn

IRREVERSIBILITY AND ENTROPY. "From the standpoint of physics, this observation contains an intriguing hint of how the properties of self-replicators must be constrained by thermodynamic laws, which dictate that irreversibility is always accompanied by an increase of entropy." http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4818538 View in LinkedIn

THERMAL FORWARD REACTIONS. "Every species of living thing can make a copy of itself by exchanging energy and matter with its surroundings. One feature common to all such examples of spontaneous “self-replication” is their statistical irreversibility: clearly, it is much more likely that one bacterium should turn into two than that two should somehow spontaneously revert back into one." http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4818538 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY FINDINGS. "We find that the minimum value for the physically allowed rate of heat production is determined by the growth rate, internal entropy, and durability of the replicator." http://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4818538 View in LinkedIn