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IMPROVING DNA. "Axiomatically, the density of information stored in DNA, with just four nucleotides (GACT), is higher than in a binary code, but less than it might be if synthetic biologists succeed in adding independently replicating nucleotides to genetic systems." https://lnkd.in/dinaF2C View in LinkedIn

"SYNTHETIC XENO DNA (XDNA, foreign DNA) is made by synthetic biologists from the Cambridge MRC Unit to function like DNA. A host of alternative nucleic acids have been made in labs over the years, but no one has made them work like DNA. Now that has been cracked. It is a twisted ladder with a backbone not of phosphates and sugars but cyclohexane and threose, and they engineered polymerase enzymes to work with XDNA to translate DNA to XDNA and back again as an evolving genetic system. It would also serve as a failsafe for escaped GMOs, and make new life forms." https://lnkd.in/dYQeS-P View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC SELECTION is a potentially general method for evolving the properties of these first-generation molecules." https://lnkd.in/dEx4mGb View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL NEW THIRD BASE PAIR. "What we have now, for the first time, is an organism that stably harbours a third base pair, and it is utterly different to the natural ones," Romesberg said. For now the synthetic DNA does not do anything in the cell. It just sits there. But Romesberg now wants to tweak the organism so that it can put the artificial DNA to good use." https://lnkd.in/eKdazAS View in LinkedIn

LOW YIELDS. "Although it is now possible to create new enzyme active sites with immunological methods or by redesigning existing proteins, the chemical efficiency of these catalysts is typically considerably lower than that of naturally occurring enzymes." https://lnkd.in/dEx4mGb View in LinkedIn

BRIGHT FUTURE FOR SYNTHETIC DNA. "DNA, made up of four nucleotide molecules in a sequence, is a code that can be edited and written — not unlike software. The commercialization of DNA sequencing (the reading of an organism’s code) and synthesis (the writing of that code) has accelerated since the mapping of the human genome was completed in 2003." https://cdn.ampproject.org/c/venturebeat.com/2017/01/26/could-synthetic-dna-be-the-next-tech-breakthrough/amp/ View in LinkedIn

SPIKES AND GRAIN. "This treading led to good yields: the number of spikes per plant, weight of whole plant, and grain weight per plant were increased by 18, 41, and 54%, respectively." https://lnkd.in/dDuN9mZ View in LinkedIn

STEMS AND LEAVES. "Regarding the shoot, the numbers of stems and leaves as well as the wet weight were increased by treading by 74, 10, and 50%, respectively." https://lnkd.in/dDuN9mZ View in LinkedIn

SOIL AND ROOTS. "To avoid letting the soil become too firm, it is important to tread seedlings when the soil is dry. Another beneficial effect of treading is that it permits roots that have risen from the soil due to the growth of frost columns to be settled. The length and number of roots were also increased by 4 and 7%, respectively." https://lnkd.in/dDuN9mZ View in LinkedIn

SPECIFIC TECHNIQUE. "If farmers miss the right time and perform mugifumi an incorrect number of times, they may damage the seedlings and have a reduced grain yield. The appropriate weight for mugifumi corresponds to the body weight per seedling." https://lnkd.in/dDuN9mZ View in LinkedIn