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COMMON DRAMATIC CHANGES. "In contrast to earlier work emphasizing the importance of enhancer evolution and subtle sequence changes at promoters, we show that dramatic changes such as the complete gain and loss (collectively turnover) of functional promoters are common." http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2015/07/30/gr.190546.115 View in LinkedIn

OLD THINK. "The powerful one gene, one enzyme, one function hypothesis developed into the prevalent notion that genes can be understood in isolation, are endowed with particular characteristics of dominance or recessiveness, and produce discrete and unambiguous effects on phenotype." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

PRIMITIVE UNDERSTANDING. "Overall, we still have a limited ability to interpret how genetic variants alter gene regulation. We do not know how to “read the genome” and predict gene regulatory outputs. Our understanding of regulatory mechanisms and biochemical interactions has not yet matured into an ability to “read the code” and fully model transcriptional regulation." https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

RATE LIMITING STEP. "As natural selection is rate limited by the amount of heritable phenotypic variation expressed in populations, genetic buffering mechanisms modulate evolution by controlling the amount of phenotypic variation that can be expressed. Genetic buffering therefore reduces evolvability and promotes evolutionary stasis." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

GENE REGULATION. "Promoters are central to the regulation of gene expression. Changes in gene regulation are thought to underlie much of the adaptive diversification between species and phenotypic variation within populations." https://lnkd.in/d6USApZ View in LinkedIn

MASKING EFFECT. "Genetic buffering mechanisms modify this relationship by concealing the effects of genetic and environmental variation on phenotype. Genetic buffering allows the build-up and storage of genetic variation in phenotypically normal populations." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

LESSER SELECTION. "Compared to protein-coding regions, transcriptional promoter regions are subject to much less stringent selection and have higher nucleotide substitution rates, where short transcription factor binding sites can easily turn over and be replaced by new ones arising from random mutations." https://lnkd.in/dgA56Yx View in LinkedIn

CHANGES IN REGULATION. "Changes in transcriptional regulation constitute a major component of the genetic basis for phenotypic evolution. Their arguments were based in part on the realization that the phenotypic impact of a gene is a function of two distinct components: the biochemical activity of the protein it encodes and the specific conditions under which that protein is expressed and is therefore able to exert its activity." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

CODING SEQUENCES. "While the evolution of coding DNA sequences has been intensively studied during the last years and plenty of models have been derived to characterize their evolutionary dynamics, the evolution and structure of regulatory DNA sequences still remain poorly understood." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn

REWIRING GENE REGULATION. "Our results suggest that promoter gain and loss is an important process in the evolutionary rewiring of gene regulation and may be a significant source of phenotypic diversification." http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2015/07/30/gr.190546.115 View in LinkedIn