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TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. "Throughout evolution, regulatory networks need to expand and adapt to accommodate novel genes and gene functions. Recent studies demonstrate that changes in transcription factors contribute to the evolution of regulatory networks. In particular, duplication of transcription factors followed by specific mutations in their DNA-binding or interaction domains propels the divergence and emergence of new networks." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

BUFFERING. "When buffering breaks down, thresholds governing the expression of previously silent variation are crossed. At these thresholds, phenotypic differences suddenly appear and are available for selection. Thus, buffering mechanisms modulate evolution and regulate a balance between evolutionary stasis and change." https://lnkd.in/duMqB2A View in LinkedIn

DIVERGENT EXPRESSION. "Even in closely related species with highly similar genome sequences, gene expression patterns can be quite different. This divergence in gene expression and regulation has been postulated to play a major role in evolution and is believed to be one of the primary sources of phenotypic variation between species." https://lnkd.in/dZmd2Vb View in LinkedIn

REGULATION TRUMPS NOVELTY. "It turns out that the genomic changes that enabled these evolutionary developments were far more subtle—it is the regulation, rather than the modification or creation, of genes that has driven macroscopic events throughout evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

Rock climber makes historic ropeless ascent of California's El Capitan View in LinkedIn

"PROMOTERS are typically located upstream of the gene they regulate. They contain binding sites for regulatory proteins such as transcription factors (TFs). The binding of a TF to a binding sites enables other factors to bind and finally leads to the recruitment (transcriptional activation) or blocking (transcriptional repression) of the RNA polymerase which is responsible for transcribing the corresponding gene." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED SEQUENCES. "In many cases, the function of a regulatory sequence may, however, remain well conserved despite substantial sequence changes." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

LESSER SELECTION. "Compared to protein-coding regions, transcriptional promoter regions are subject to much less stringent selection and have higher nucleotide substitution rates, where short transcription factor binding sites can easily turn over and be replaced by new ones arising from random mutations." https://lnkd.in/dgA56Yx View in LinkedIn

CHANGES IN REGULATION. "Changes in transcriptional regulation constitute a major component of the genetic basis for phenotypic evolution. Their arguments were based in part on the realization that the phenotypic impact of a gene is a function of two distinct components: the biochemical activity of the protein it encodes and the specific conditions under which that protein is expressed and is therefore able to exert its activity." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

CODING SEQUENCES. "While the evolution of coding DNA sequences has been intensively studied during the last years and plenty of models have been derived to characterize their evolutionary dynamics, the evolution and structure of regulatory DNA sequences still remain poorly understood." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn