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"PROMOTERS are typically located upstream of the gene they regulate. They contain binding sites for regulatory proteins such as transcription factors (TFs). The binding of a TF to a binding sites enables other factors to bind and finally leads to the recruitment (transcriptional activation) or blocking (transcriptional repression) of the RNA polymerase which is responsible for transcribing the corresponding gene." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn

CONSERVED SEQUENCES. "In many cases, the function of a regulatory sequence may, however, remain well conserved despite substantial sequence changes." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

LESSER SELECTION. "Compared to protein-coding regions, transcriptional promoter regions are subject to much less stringent selection and have higher nucleotide substitution rates, where short transcription factor binding sites can easily turn over and be replaced by new ones arising from random mutations." https://lnkd.in/dgA56Yx View in LinkedIn

CHANGES IN REGULATION. "Changes in transcriptional regulation constitute a major component of the genetic basis for phenotypic evolution. Their arguments were based in part on the realization that the phenotypic impact of a gene is a function of two distinct components: the biochemical activity of the protein it encodes and the specific conditions under which that protein is expressed and is therefore able to exert its activity." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

CODING SEQUENCES. "While the evolution of coding DNA sequences has been intensively studied during the last years and plenty of models have been derived to characterize their evolutionary dynamics, the evolution and structure of regulatory DNA sequences still remain poorly understood." https://lnkd.in/dpmNZfM View in LinkedIn

REWIRING GENE REGULATION. "Our results suggest that promoter gain and loss is an important process in the evolutionary rewiring of gene regulation and may be a significant source of phenotypic diversification." http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2015/07/30/gr.190546.115 View in LinkedIn

SECTION AT PROMOTOR LEVEL. "Natural Selection Operates on Allelic Variation in Promoters. Promoter polymorphisms at numerous loci in humans have functional consequences that influence diverse aspects of physiology, behavior, anatomy, and life history." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

LEAPS IN EVOLUTION. "Usually, mutations are deleterious, but the duplicated genes are not generally expressed and so do no harm with no selective pressure acting against them. Occasionally, however, a mutation can result in a potentially useful modification of the gene, which can then be activated and selected. This, it is argued, could create relatively rapidly new functions for genes and thus explain major leaps in evolution." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. "Mutations in Transcriptional Regulation Influence Phenotype. Transcriptional regulation is an integral component of the way genotype is converted into phenotype." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

FREQUENT DUPLICATION. "Major gene duplication events certainly occur frequently in plants and micro-organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn