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RELATIVE STABILITY. "Recently Evolved Promoters, Though Less Common Than Enhancers, Are Mostly Found in Young DNA. Promoters are far more evolutionarily stable than are enhancers. Nevertheless, the absolute number of promoters deeply conserved across all 20 study species is similar to the number of recently evolved promoters in any one species." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER YOUTH. "Perhaps our most surprising finding is that representative mammals typically deploy over 10,000 enhancers in a lineage- and probably most often species-specific manner. In total, almost half of all enhancers in each species appear to be recently evolved." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER IMPACT. "Both conserved and recently evolved enhancer sequences have been shown to have important phenotypic consequences. Highly conserved enhancer sequences can regulate fundamental processes, such as embryonic development." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION RATES. "Rapid enhancer and slow promoter evolution across genomes of 20 mammalian species. Enhancers are rarely conserved across these mammals. Recently evolved enhancers dominate mammalian regulatory landscapes." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

ENHANCER REGIONS. "Most mammalian genes are controlled by collections of enhancer regions, often located tens to hundreds of kilobases away from transcription start sites." https://lnkd.in/dnC2aVU View in LinkedIn

INDIRECT GENE SELECTION. "In the process of evolution, selection may act directly on regulatory functions but only indirectly on gene sequences, which is supported by the experimental observations that some orthologous genes with highly conserved expression patterns have substantial divergence in their promoter sequence. That means that functional conservation does not necessitate conservation on the sequence level." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

HIGH TURNOVER. "Estimates of transcription factor binding site (TFBS) turnover rates rank as high as 32-40% between human and rodent species." https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r225 View in LinkedIn

PROMOTORS AND SPECIATION. "Divergence in Promoter Function May Contribute to Reproductive Isolation. Changes in transcriptional regulation may also be important in speciation." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY MUTATIONS. "Recent studies indicate that mutations in regulatory proteins may be more common than previously appreciated. Moreover, these changes can play a prominent role in regulatory network evolution by altering expression, molecular interactions and post-translational modifications of the regulator." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000208 View in LinkedIn

SECTION AT PROMOTOR LEVEL. "Natural Selection Operates on Allelic Variation in Promoters. Promoter polymorphisms at numerous loci in humans have functional consequences that influence diverse aspects of physiology, behavior, anatomy, and life history." https://lnkd.in/dTi6Znf View in LinkedIn