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CONSEQUENCES OF SURPRISES. "Nowadays, one should not be surprised that a piece of DNA associated with a complex wing color pattern in one Heliconius butterfly species provides similar wings and collective protection from the same predators when introduced into the genome of other butterflies." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

PURIFYING SELECTION. "In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilizing selection through the purging of deleterious variations that arise. Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population genetics level, with as little as a single point mutation being the unit of selection. In such a case, carriers of the harmful point mutation have fewer offspring each generation, reducing the frequency of the mutation in the gene pool." https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection) View in LinkedIn

HUNDREDS OF BIG SURPRISES. "A more dramatic example is the recent evolution of a toxin resistance in three species that diverged more than 500 million years ago – a clam, a snake and a pufferfish – via the same amino acid substitution in a conserved gene. Such striking patterns of genetic repetition have now been found for more than 100 genes in animals and plants." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

MOSTLY NEGATIVE. "Although TEs may occasionally play an adaptive role in their host's genome, they are much more often deleterious, and purifying selection is thus an important factor controlling genomic TE loads." (TE = transposable elements). https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

BIG SURPRISE. "This implies that the genetic and environmental backgrounds have remained relatively constant or have appeared repeatedly throughout evolution to allow for genetic loci to generate similar phenotypic changes in various taxonomic groups. This important finding was quite unsuspected some 50 years ago." https://lnkd.in/d3vzXnd View in LinkedIn

RICH SOURCE OF VARIATION. "Transposable elements (TEs) are a major source of genome variation across the branches of life." https://lnkd.in/drMDPh6 View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENT RULES IN PARALLEL UNIVERSE. "The promoters of lincRNA appear to similarly enjoy greater plasticity and flexibility compared to the promoters of protein-coding genes." (LincRNA= long intergenic non-coding RNA). Meditate upon this. https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

TWO TRACK SYSTEM. “Viral-derived fossil genes, mostly non-functional, have contributed significantly to the vast universe of genes controlling non-coding RNAs, the parallel universe to the coding genes that have obsessed geneticists for decades. The parallel universe (noncoding) is virally-driven, fast evolving, more flexible, and may turn out to control many cellular functions.” https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

PARALLEL UNIVERSE. "Here, we demonstrate that TEs substantially contribute to the evolution of lincRNAs and their promoter regions." (TE = transposable elements; LincRNA= long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn

GIANT CHUNKS OF NONCODING GENES. "The TEs comprise at least half of the mammalian genomes, and in particular, are found in most lincRNAs." (TE = transposable elements; LincRNA= long intergenic non-coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/dwuaM5f View in LinkedIn