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VERTICAL VS HORIZONTAL EVOLUTION. "Evolution is mediated not only by random mutations over a number of generations (vertical evolution), but also through the mixture of genomic material between individuals of different lineages (horizontal evolution)." http://www.pnas.org/content/110/46/18566.full View in LinkedIn

CONFOUNDED TRADITIONAL TREES. "The tree structure is currently the accepted paradigm to represent evolutionary relationships between organisms, species or other taxa. However, horizontal, or reticulate, genomic exchanges are pervasive in nature and confound characterization of phylogenetic trees." https://lnkd.in/dkR5NBx View in LinkedIn

AIDS STAR. "The phylogeny of HIV provides a good example of a star-like tree, as the prevalence of HIV infection rose rapidly throughout the 1980s." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

CLONAL SMALL POPULATIONS. "Star-like trees arise because viruses are more likely to share a recent common ancestor when the population is small, and a growing population has an increasingly smaller population size towards the past." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

NEW CLASS OF GENES. "Noncoding regulatory RNAs, such as miRNAs, are a recently discovered class of genes, and the number of miRNA genes that exist among eukaryotic genomes is very much an open question. Many miRNA genes are evolutionarily conserved and may have functional orthologs in multiple species." https://lnkd.in/dmzSnGT View in LinkedIn

NEW STAR TREES. "Rapid expansion of a virus in a population will be reflected by a “star-like” tree, in which external branches are long relative to internal branches." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

NONCODING RNAs. "Their work provides circumstantial evidence that small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs)—small molecules that consist of about 22 nucleotides—are a major causal factor for structural change and increasing complexity among organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY AND MICRO-RNAs. "It has been suggested that newly activated miRNAs may be part of general mechanism by which speciation occurs and that acquisition of miRNA genes apparently speed up with evolution of organismal complexity." (miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs AND VERTEBRATES. “The emergence of vertebrates is characterized by a strong increase in miRNA families, and correlates with the increase in vertebrate morphological complexity." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

YOUNG MICRO-RNAs. "MicroRNAs originated over different time-scales are often predicted/verified to target the same or overlapping sets of genes, opening the possibility of substantial functional redundancy among miRNAs of different ages. Higher degree of tissue specificity and lower expression level was found in young miRNAs." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn