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ADAPTATIONS AND DISEASE. "Accumulating evidence indicates that gene regulatory changes often contribute to species-specific adaptations as well as to within-species variation in complex phenotypes, such as interindividual variation in susceptibility to disease." https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

RNA REGULATORY GENES. "The percentage of coding for such proteins in the human 3 billion base pairs is only 1.5%, however. All the other DNA contains non-coding RNAs (up to 45%) and non-coding areas with unknown functions (55%) which I suggest represent non-coding RNAs of regulatory functions. This means in all organisms we can find the genotype and the encoded phenotype." https://lnkd.in/eg6uePF View in LinkedIn

NONCODING RNAs. "Their work provides circumstantial evidence that small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs)—small molecules that consist of about 22 nucleotides—are a major causal factor for structural change and increasing complexity among organisms." https://lnkd.in/eNHFjJ8 View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY AND MICRO-RNAs. "It has been suggested that newly activated miRNAs may be part of general mechanism by which speciation occurs and that acquisition of miRNA genes apparently speed up with evolution of organismal complexity." (miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

MICRO-RNAs AND VERTEBRATES. “The emergence of vertebrates is characterized by a strong increase in miRNA families, and correlates with the increase in vertebrate morphological complexity." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

YOUNG MICRO-RNAs. "MicroRNAs originated over different time-scales are often predicted/verified to target the same or overlapping sets of genes, opening the possibility of substantial functional redundancy among miRNAs of different ages. Higher degree of tissue specificity and lower expression level was found in young miRNAs." (TE = transposable elements; miRNA = microRNA). http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-718 View in LinkedIn

VARIED EXPRESSION. "Posttranscriptional mechanisms notwithstanding, the available body of work suggests that variation in steady-state gene expression levels can disproportionately be explained by variation in TF binding." (TF = transcription factor). https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

TRANS-VARIANTS. "Heritability studies suggest that more than half of the genetically explained variance in gene expression is due to trans-acting variants." https://lnkd.in/dFv6Tsi View in LinkedIn

INTRONS AND MICRO-RNA. "Introns as catalysts for de novo miRNA family origination in mammals. A detailed analysis revealed that 36%–65% of miRNA genes are overlapping with introns of protein-coding genes in the different species, although annotated introns only constitute ∼22%–45% of the entire genome. Introns may represent a natural place for the miRNA de novo formation." https://lnkd.in/dDg9xVY View in LinkedIn

PATHOGEN VIRILITY DRIVER. "The intensity of local competition for susceptible hosts depends, however, on the precise genetic and epidemiological structure of the pathogen population." https://lnkd.in/dvcWSUt View in LinkedIn