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BRANCH NONEPITOPE SELECTION. "Conversely, putative nonepitope sites of the HA protein evolve approximately twice as fast on side branches than on the trunk of the H3 phylogeny, indicating that mutations to these sites are selected against and viruses possessing such mutations are less likely to take over the influenza population." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

TRUNK EPITOPE SELECTION. "Phylogenetic analysis of H3N2 influenza has shown that putative epitope sites of the HA protein evolve approximately 3.5 times faster on the trunk of the phylogeny than on side branches. This suggests that viruses possessing mutations to these exposed sites benefit from positive selection and are more likely than viruses lacking such mutations to take over the influenza population." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

BRANCH SUBPOPULATION EXTINCTIONS. "Of central interest to the study of viral phylodynamics is the distinctive phylogenetic tree of epidemic influenza A/H3N2, which shows a single predominant trunk lineage that persists through time and side branches that persist for only 1–5 years before going extinct." https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

MUTANT REFRESHERS. "After introduction into the human population, a lineage of influenza generally persists through antigenic drift, in which HA and NA continually accumulate mutations allowing viruses to infect hosts immune to earlier forms of the virus. These lineages of influenza show recurrent seasonal epidemics in temperate regions and less periodic transmission in the tropics." (HA and NA = key antigens). https://lnkd.in/dDjCWve View in LinkedIn

THE MODERN SYNTHESIS of evolutionary ideas in step with new research findings covers many revisions of past thinking. Interestingly, Mendelian inheritance is not one of these topics that have been revised, despite the fact we know of many examples of non-Mendelian inheritance, with reasonable hypotheses proposed to explain them. View in LinkedIn

FREQUENT NOVELTY. "The evolution of influenza, a segmented single-stranded RNA orthomyxovirus, is punctuated by frequent reassortment." http://www.pnas.org/content/110/46/18566.full View in LinkedIn

PART THREE. "The third law, in relation to the second, declares that, "If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance." https://lnkd.in/dfsvaCA View in LinkedIn

PART TWO. "The second law states that, "For each character trait (ie: height, color, texture etc.) an organism inherits two genes, one from each parent." This statement alludes to the fact that when somatic cells are produced from two gametes, one allele comes from the mother, one from the father. These alleles may be the same (true-breeding organisms), or different (hybrids)." https://lnkd.in/dfsvaCA View in LinkedIn

PART ONE. "Mendel's hypothesis essentially has four parts. The first part or "law" states that, "Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters." In a nutshell, this is the concept of alleles. Alleles are different versions of genes that impart the same characteristic." https://lnkd.in/dfsvaCA View in LinkedIn

VAST UNDERTAKING. Mendel initially conducted about 260 monohybrid crosses in 70 plants. It was followed by analysis of 10,000 plants for false impregnation, although cross experiments were limited to under 1,000 plants. In all he studied 29,000 pea plants. https://lnkd.in/dZZbX5P View in LinkedIn