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VINDICATED. "The cloning of four of Mendel’s genes has confirmed, with a few nuances, the Mendelian implication that there are fundamental units of inheritance that are passed from generation to generation. Indeed, if he were still with us, Mendel would probably be well pleased by the 20th century discoveries from the disciplines of cytology, biochemistry, and molecular biology." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

WHICH MUTATIONS. "It turns out also that Mendel’s mutations are due to a range of changes at the molecular level. While we cannot be certain in some instances of the exact mutations that he used, the range appears to include single base substitutions causing a single amino acid substitution (e.g., le-1), disruptions to splice sites, small insertions, and large transposon-like insertions." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

MUTATION UNCERTAINTY. "Even harder than defining which seven loci Mendel studied is the question of which mutations he used. Theoretically, it is now quite clear that there are many possible mutations in each gene that could produce the same phenotype, especially if Mendel’s original mutation was a null." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

VIDEO of slave-making ants. The queen of some species of ants acts as a Trojan Horse to enter the target slave colony and gain control by absorbing the resident queen pheromones to avoid detection as an imposter. https://lnkd.in/d2iRKY8 View in LinkedIn

What a hunter-gatherer diet does to the gut http://www.cnn.com/2017/07/05/health/hunter-gatherer-diet-tanzania-the-conversation/index.html View in LinkedIn

EXTREME STREAMLINING. "At the other extreme of social parasitism are the inquilines, species of ant that spend their entire life cycle in the nest of the host. The inquilines' dependence on the host is typically so absolute that the loss of social functions is associated with the loss of the parasite's bodily organs." http://www.jstor.org/stable/29774232?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

LOOSE ENDS. "However, even the gene (locus) identity is not known for certain for the seventh character, the pod form, although it is probably V. While the nature of the mutations used by Mendel cannot be determined with certainty, on the basis of the varieties available in Europe in the 1850s, we can speculate on their nature." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

THE CUCKOO STRATEGY. "A newly mated queen of the formicine ant Lasius umbratus enters the nest of its host, Lasius niger, kills the resident queen, and deposits her own eggs in the invaded nest. The host workers rear the parasite's offspring as they would their own species." http://www.jstor.org/stable/29774232?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents View in LinkedIn

MENDEL'S PEA GENE SEQUENCES. "To date, four genes have been sequenced: A (flower color), LE (stem length), I (cotyledon color), and R (seed shape). Two of the other three genes, GP (pod color) and FA (fasciation), are amenable to candidate gene approaches on the basis of their function, linkage relationships, and synteny between the pea and Medicago genomes." https://lnkd.in/d42Fwde View in LinkedIn

INDEPENDENT EVOLUTION. "Slave making apparently has evolved independently more than ten times, with peculiar hot spots in the myrmicine tribe." https://lnkd.in/dkcthxh View in LinkedIn