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MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS were likely examples of horizontal bacterial gene transfers that entered eukaryotes and became a fixture. Both of these critical energy-producing organelles derived from parasitic bacteria are self-replicating and have unique structures, probably originally constructed against the host cell defenses. Without these energy factories, or a strong alternative, plants and animals would have very limited capacity today. View in LinkedIn

INTRONS ARE JUMPING GENES from horizontal gene transfer? "The alternative hypothesis is that introns are a kind of transposable elements which can jump in and out of existing genes which did not necessarily have introns from the beginning. A possible scenario would then be that group II introns invaded nuclear genes after the symbiotic event that created mitochondria and chloroplasts."" " http://lnkd.in/UQPVTt View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER: "Plant genomes have undergone rampant horizontal gene transfer (HGT), especially in the mitochondrial genome, up to 40% of the mitochondrial genes in the parasitic plant species Rafflesiaceae are acquired from their hosts via HGT. These transgenes are likely functional in their recipient species and in some cases appear to have displaced native copies in the same genomic location."" " http://lnkd.in/hSvCST View in LinkedIn

MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS produce power in our cells and plant cells respectively, and appear to have been the result of lateral gene transmission from bacteria millions of years ago, and now are indispensable to our lives. View in LinkedIn

LATERAL GENE TRANSFER and tumor formation in plants. The best example from bacteria to eukaryotes is LGT to plants from the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This parasitic bacterium injects its genes into the host plant, and becomes part of the plant genome, usurping the plant machinery to make proteins, that are a carbon source for the parasite, and which also form plant tumors. This bacteria can also cause human cells to become tumorigenic in vitro. " "" "doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107 View in LinkedIn

LATERAL GENE TRANSFER (LTG) is quite common in higher animals and can be large as bacterial-sized LTGs. "Some eukaryotes have extensive vertically inherited LGT despite barriers (the nucleus, the immune system, and protected germ cells)." DNA is transferred from mitochondria and chloroplasts to the eukaryotic nucleus. "These organelles originated from α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. LGT from bacteria to eukaryotes...is also...widespread, particularly from endosymbionts. Wolbachia endosymbionts infect up to 70% of all insects". " "" "doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL GENES in human cancer are not surprising because:" "" (a) Eucaryotes have widespread lateral gene transfer from bacteria, (b) bacteria in vitro can transform the mammalian genome, and (c) viruses integrate into the human genome and cause disease."" "" "doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107 View in LinkedIn

BACTERIAL GENES IN HUMAN CANCERS (2013): due to the 10:1 excess of (bacterial: human cells) living in close proximity, lateral" "gene transfer occurs: "We detected the integration of bacterial DNA in the human genome (in tumors)... extensive amounts of (bacterial) DNA ... were fused to human mitochondrial DNA in acute myeloid leukemia samples."" "" "doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003107 View in LinkedIn

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER accounts for the immensely varied metabolism, ecological niches of bacteria. They acquire a big part of their genetic diversity from genes from DISTANTLY RELATED SPECIES. Large amounts of genes thus acquired are added and deleted, giving bacteria an enormous genetic repertoire, and contribute to rapidly innovative traits like drug resistance. View in LinkedIn

THE TOP SEVEN most extraordinary things about our world and universe? " "" "1. The unimaginably giant and powerful (black holes) universe;" "2. Sustainable closed ecosystems (life in a bottle);" "3. Evolving lifeforms that reinvent themselves by diverse genetics;" "4. Mentation and multiplexed minds -- anticipation, learning, and problem solving (swarm intelligence);" "5. Photosynthesis (the clean Green Machine);" "6 The Senses, in all their diversity;" "7. Communication of all types. " "" "What is your list? View in LinkedIn