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NON-CODING IMPORTANCE. "The human genome is thought to contain approximately 100,000 genes—only about 25 times more than E. coli has. Much of the complexity of eukaryotic genomes thus results from the abundance of several different types of noncoding sequences, which constitute most of the DNA of higher eukaryotic cells." https://lnkd.in/d3J4fHw View in LinkedIn

NUCLEAR BODIES. "Paraspeckles are a relatively new class of subnuclear bodies found in the interchromatin space of mammalian cells. They are RNA-protein structures. Paraspeckles are critical to the control of gene expression through the nuclear retention of RNA containing double-stranded RNA regions that have been subject to adenosine-to-inosine editing." https://lnkd.in/duRrssZ View in LinkedIn

COMPLEXITY RELATES TO NON-CODING DNA. “The presence of large amounts of noncoding sequences is a general property of the genomes of complex eukaryotes. Thus, the thousandfold greater size of the human genome compared to that of E. coli is not due solely to a larger number of human genes." Remember "junk DNA"? https://lnkd.in/d3J4fHw View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING DNA. “This apparent paradox was resolved by the discovery that the genomes of most eukaryotic cells contain not only functional genes but also large amounts of DNA sequences that do not code for proteins. The difference in the sizes of the salamander and human genomes thus reflects larger amounts of non-coding DNA, rather than more genes, in the genome of the salamander." https://lnkd.in/d3J4fHw View in LinkedIn

DNA CONTENT. "However, the genome size of many eukaryotes does not appear to be related to genetic complexity. For example, the genomes of salamanders and lilies contain more than ten times the amount of DNA that is in the human genome, yet these organisms are clearly not ten times more complex than humans." https://lnkd.in/d3J4fHw View in LinkedIn

LARGER GENOMES AND MORE COMPLEXITY. "The genomes of most eukaryotes are larger and more complex than those of prokaryotes. This larger size of eukaryotic genomes is not inherently surprising, since one would expect to find more genes in organisms that are more complex." But do not underestimate the sophistication of gene streamlining through outsourcing, as in bacteria and viruses. https://lnkd.in/d3J4fHw View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT FACT. "Protein-coding genes could generate transcripts from lncRNAs genes. Conversely, proteins may be synthesized from lncRNAs. Recent data have identified 24 human protein-coding genes with noncoding homologous genes in other species." (IncRNA = long non coding RNA). https://lnkd.in/d2sxUZQ View in LinkedIn

NON-CODING SEQUENCES. "Highlighted by the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) and FANTOM (Functional Annotation of Mammals) consortia, these elements include tens of thousands of pseudogenes, as well as comparably numerous long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes." https://lnkd.in/eBig_Gi View in LinkedIn

NEW VIEWPOINT. "In the more than one decade since the completion of the Human Genome Project, the prevalence of non-protein-coding functional elements in the human genome has emerged as a key revelation in post-genomic biology." https://lnkd.in/eBig_Gi View in LinkedIn

Bill Gates gives $4.6bn to charity in biggest donation since 2000 https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/15/bill-gates-charity-donation-microsoft-shares-foundation?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other View in LinkedIn