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SUDDEN NOVELTY. "Although these ideas were easily dismissed by the insights of the Modern Synthesis, a lingering fascination with the possibility of sudden, dramatic change has persisted. Recent work on hybridization and gene exchange suggests an underappreciated mechanism for the sudden appearance of evolutionary novelty that is entirely consistent with the principles of modern population genetics." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

BEYOND PARENTAL PHENOTYPES. "Recombination of fixed genetic differences between two populations in the F2 and later generations can produce hybrids with phenotypes novel to both parental populations. When these recombinant phenotypes have fitness beyond the range of parental phenotypes they are transgressive." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

NOVELTY BY HYBRIDIZATION. "The idea that hybridization can rapidly produce novel forms is familiar among botanists, but rarely appeared in mainstream discussions of speciation until recently thanks to several case studies of homoploid hybrid speciation." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

"A MAJOR TASK for evolutionary biology has been to develop and test theories for the origin of novelty that are consistent with the fundamental genetic principles of gradual populational change." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINATIONAL DOMINANCE. "Admixed populations will also produce many similar recombinant phenotypes at the same time, increasing the probability that recombinant “hopeful monsters” will establish true-breeding evolutionary lineages. Recombination is not the only (or even most common) process generating evolutionary novelty, but might be the most credible mechanism for sudden appearance of new forms." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

HOPEFUL MONSTERS. "The origin of novelty is a critical subject for evolutionary biologists. Early geneticists speculated about the sudden appearance of new species via special macromutations, epitomized by Goldschmidt’s infamous “hopeful monster”." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

MENDELIAN SPECTRUM. "Recombination has always been recognized as an important source of variation; whether such variation is perceived as profound or “monstrous” is a matter of degree rather than kind." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

EVOLUTION BY SALTATIONS. "Suggestions to the contrary (to gradualism) were met with ridicule: geneticist Richard Goldschmidt, in 1940, envisioned subtle developmental mechanisms producing great leaps of adaptation, but his use of the phrase "hopeful monsters" was misrepresented as extreme saltationism (perfection in one jump), and equated with belief in miracles." https://lnkd.in/dAC2mFa View in LinkedIn

RISE OF THE HOPEFUL MONSTERS. "But through fish in the murky depths of a British Columbia lake and through bacteria in the flasks of a Michigan lab, the monsters have returned. Experimental evidence has shown that individual genetic changes can have vast effects on an organism without dooming it to the evolutionary rubbish heap." https://lnkd.in/dAC2mFa View in LinkedIn

GRADUALISTIC EVOLUTION. "Since the origin of evolutionary science, biologists have insisted that adaptation is an achingly slow process. ' Natura non facit saltum ' (nature does not take leaps) was a favourite incantation of Charles Darwin. As the combined power of genetic mutation and natural selection became better appreciated in the 1930s and 1940s, theorists solidified a gradualist doctrine: adaptation must rely on innumerable genetic changes, each with effects so small that any attempt to catch them experimentally was considered futile." https://lnkd.in/dAC2mFa View in LinkedIn