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EVOLUTION BY LUCK. "Goldschmidt proposed that a novel phenotype (such as insect wings, a character associated with higher level taxonomy) must first arise as an instantaneous product of a single “macromutation” or “systemic mutation”. Individuals bearing such macromutations were characterized as “hopeful monsters” by Goldschmidt to emphasize that their appearance is neither purposeful nor gradual, and their prospects for success are a matter of luck." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

MACROMUTATIONS. "Some theorists have invoked special phenomena such as genome-wide “macromutations” or “genetic revolutions” to get around perceived difficulties with the emergence of profound change as the accumulation of subtle changes by the conventional dynamics of mutation, gene flow, drift and selection." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

SUDDEN NOVELTY. "Although these ideas were easily dismissed by the insights of the Modern Synthesis, a lingering fascination with the possibility of sudden, dramatic change has persisted. Recent work on hybridization and gene exchange suggests an underappreciated mechanism for the sudden appearance of evolutionary novelty that is entirely consistent with the principles of modern population genetics." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

BEYOND PARENTAL PHENOTYPES. "Recombination of fixed genetic differences between two populations in the F2 and later generations can produce hybrids with phenotypes novel to both parental populations. When these recombinant phenotypes have fitness beyond the range of parental phenotypes they are transgressive." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

NOVELTY BY HYBRIDIZATION. "The idea that hybridization can rapidly produce novel forms is familiar among botanists, but rarely appeared in mainstream discussions of speciation until recently thanks to several case studies of homoploid hybrid speciation." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

"A MAJOR TASK for evolutionary biology has been to develop and test theories for the origin of novelty that are consistent with the fundamental genetic principles of gradual populational change." http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11692-012-9209-0 View in LinkedIn

FISSION ACROSS TAXA. “Regular transverse fission in some organisms, such as tapeworms and scyphostome polyps, is called strobilation. Commonly, this results in a chain, called a strobilus, of the fission products—the proglottids of tapeworms and the ephyrae of scyphozoan jellyfish; each proglottid or ephyra matures in turn and separates from the end of the strobilus.” https://lnkd.in/dkDex6F View in LinkedIn

ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION is where every organ is copied as the cell divides in two. Examples include bacteria and protists. “Binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.” https://lnkd.in/dkDex6F View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT METHOD. "Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission." https://lnkd.in/dwsn3wd) View in LinkedIn

FISSION. "In other organisms, part of the individual separates, forming a second individual. This process occurs, for example, in many asteroid echinoderms through splitting of the central disk. Some sea anemones and some coral polyps also reproduce through fission." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn