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PARTHENOGENESIS "is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell and is a component process of apomixis." https://lnkd.in/g5zwmS2 View in LinkedIn

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION. "Manual root ball splitting, grafting and transplanting of smaller plant fragments from a large plant by humans can also be effective ways of using asexual fragmentation to propagate plant species." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

PLANT FRAGMENTATION. "Many plant species also use vegetative fragmentation to reproduce. Examples of plants that use vegetative fragmentation include liverworts from the genus Marchantia. Many plants such as raspberries, ferns, non-woody perennials and even the urban dandelion weed Taraxacum officinale utilize fragmentation for vegetative reproduction." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

FISSION FRAGMENTATION. "Prokaryotic organisms such as parasitic tapeworms, ribbon worms and flat worms, polyps forming the base of coral reefs and free-floating jellyfish use binary fission as a form of fragmentation." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

VIRGIN BIRTH OF MALES. "In contrast to humans, parthenogenetic production of sons is expected in species with other types of sex determination. For example, in birds, some reptiles and butterflies, females are the heterogametic sex: they carry two differentiated sex chromosomes (Z and W) while males are homogametic (ZZ)." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215007824 View in LinkedIn

REGENERATIVE FRAGMENTATION. "Starfish also use regeneration of injured, torn appendages by fragmentation." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

VIRGIN BIRTH. "The phenomenon of virgin birth has long fascinated scientists and laymen alike. The first account of parthenogenesis in the literature is the prophecy of Jesus Christ’s birth in Isaiah 7:14: “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel”. This reference to parthenogenesis is unusual in two ways: first, it is the only account of ‘natural parthenogenesis’ in a mammal." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215007824 View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENTERS. "Other organisms using fragmentation include annelid worms, filamentous cyanobacteria and some multicellular metazoans, including mitochondrial eukaryotes." https://www.reference.com/science/organisms-can-reproduce-fragmentation-1ef1450618cbf65b View in LinkedIn

LACK OF MAMMALIAN PARTHENOGENESIS. "Mammals are believed to be completely unable to reproduce via parthenogenesis because of a number of developmental and genetic constraints." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215007824 View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this first weekend Fragment from Nature exploring how plants recognize kin versus non-kin. As we become increasingly urbanized and disconnected from nature, our views of the natural world become increasingly distanced, and plants assume the identity of plastic cut-outs, bearing little or no sense of being. On the contrary, increasingly science is illustrating the intensely related and feeling nature of plants. The salad breathes. View in LinkedIn