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HAPLOID AND DIPLOID. "Parthenogenesis occurs in invertebrates such as water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, wasps, and bees. Bees use parthenogenesis to produce haploid males (drones) and diploid females (workers). If an egg is fertilized, a queen is produced. The queen bee controls the reproduction of the hive bees to regulate the type of bee produced." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

"PARTHENOGENESIS is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be either haploid or diploid, depending on the process and the species." https://lnkd.in/d_e3R-w View in LinkedIn

SPECIALITY LIFESTYLE. "On the basis of their sequence similarities, we conclude that parthenogenesis bacteria and cytoplasmic incompatibility bacteria form a monophyletic group of microorganisms that 'specialize' in manipulating chromosome behaviour and reproduction of insects." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361066a0.html View in LinkedIn

REPRODUCTIVE INTERFERENCE. "Both incompatibility and parthenogenesis microorganisms alter host chromosome behaviour during early mitotic divisions of the egg. Incompatibility bacteria act by interfering with paternal chromosome incorporation in fertilized eggs, whereas parthenogenesis bacteria prevent segregation of chromosomes in unfertilized eggs. These traits are adaptive for the microorganisms." http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361066a0.html View in LinkedIn

ONE CAUSE. "Cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms are widespread in insects and have been implicated as causes of female parthenogenesis (females developing from unfertilized eggs) and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Normal sexual reproduction can be restored by treatment with antibiotics." https://lnkd.in/gjrVa-U View in LinkedIn

PARTHENOGENESIS (Jesus birth) "is most simply defined as reproduction without fertilization. More specifically, it occurs when a female gamete develops a new individual without being fertilized by a male gamete. It is often called a form of "asexual reproduction," but it is more accurately defined as an incomplete form of sexual reproduction." https://lnkd.in/gaRTdQv View in LinkedIn

ROOT FAMILY CHATTER. "Kin recognition by the roots of Cycas edentata was recently demonstrated. Our extensive literature search revealed this to be the first report of kin recognition in any spermatophyte other than angiosperms. Based on this new validation that the phenomenon occurs among phylogenetically diverse taxa, we conclude that kin recognition by roots may be an ancient phenomenon." https://lnkd.in/gYpA3RF View in LinkedIn

VARIANT DEVELOPMENT. "Parthenogenesis occurs in a wide range of animal taxa and is produced by a variety of different underlying mechanisms. Parthenogenesis was not the ancestral state in the taxa where it occurs; at some point in their evolutionary histories, genetic variants must have arisen that (1) allowed impaternate development of embryos, and (2) were favored by existing ecological or demographic factors." http://www.g3journal.org/content/3/4/757.full View in LinkedIn

FRAGMENT FROM NATURE continues from last weekend on the theme of plant kin recognition. Here we look at the root and leaf responses of plants to the presence of kin, and at ways plants can game the relationship game to their own advantage. All these studies reinforce the fact that plants are not just plastic cut-outs, but sophisticated sentient beings. View in LinkedIn

VIRGIN BIRTH IN FRUIT FLIES. "Of 40 Drosophila species screened to date, a majority have shown some ability to at least initiate parthenogenetic development. In one case, Drosophila mangebeirai, natural populations are entirely female, making it the only obligate parthenogenetic species of Drosophila. Only a few of the species that exhibit the ability to undergo early embryonic development of unfertilized eggs successfully respond to selection for parthenogenetic production of adult flies." https://lnkd.in/gPUGWFf View in LinkedIn