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DIPLOID EGGS. "Only females that have a high level of heterozygosity are capable of parthenogenetic reproduction and there is a strong familial influence on the ability to reproduce parthenogenetically. Although the mechanism by which genetic variation facilitates asexual reproduction is unknown, we suggest that heterosis may facilitate the switch from producing haploid meiotic eggs to diploid, essentially mitotic, eggs." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

COCKROACH CLONES. "We investigate the role of genetic factors in limiting asexual reproduction in Nauphoeta cinerea, an African cockroach with facultative parthenogenesis that nearly always reproduces sexually. We show that when N. cinerea females do reproduce asexually, offspring are genetically identical to their mothers. However, asexual reproduction is limited to a nonrandom subset of the genotypes in the population." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

FACULTATIVE PARTHENOGENESIS. "Asexual reproduction could offer up to a two-fold fitness advantage over sexual reproduction, yet higher organisms usually reproduce sexually. Even in facultatively parthenogenetic species, where both sexual and asexual reproduction is sometimes possible, asexual reproduction is rare. Thus, the debate over the evolution of sex has focused on ecological and mutation-elimination advantages of sex." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

PLAN B. "Facultative parthenogenesis enables females to produce offspring by themselves, preventing reproductive failure when they do not find a mate before dying. Therefore, facultative parthenogenesis is likely to be advantageous in certain situations, even though it may be ultimately inferior to sexual reproduction in terms of long-term fitness." https://lnkd.in/gPAUsAH View in LinkedIn

SINGLE PARENTS. "Facultative parthenogenesis, or condition-dependent alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction, is widespread in animals. Parthenogenesis enables unmated females to reproduce and thus has a great adaptive significance, especially under low pairing efficiency. In the termite Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, females that fail to pair with males found colonies cooperatively with partner females and reproduce parthenogenetically." https://lnkd.in/gPAUsAH View in LinkedIn

"FACULTATIVE PARTHENOGENESIS, switching between sexual and clonal reproduction, although quite common in invertebrates, e.g. Daphnia and aphids, seems to be even rarer in vertebrates. However, isolated cases of parthenogenetic development have been reported in all vertebrate groups. Facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates has only been found in captive animals but might simply have been overlooked in natural populations." https://lnkd.in/geEs5eg View in LinkedIn

NEW PERSPECTIVES. "The fact that plants can recognize the shape of their neighbors and rearrange their leaf position in consequence is novel and very exciting. It could be a cooperative or an altruistic behavior in a species where populations are viscous, the other mechanism described by Hamilton (1964) allowing for kin selection, that is, where dispersal is rare enough for neighbors in a population to be closely related." https://lnkd.in/gWWRrBP View in LinkedIn

NEW PARADIGMS. "One of the objections for kin selection to actually occur in plants is that the kin recognition mechanisms were thought to be impossible in the plant kingdom (i.e. lack of sensors). This has recently been challenged by experimental studies showing differential response of root growth depending on the relatedness of neighbors, providing a major opportunity to explore new hypotheses and perspectives." https://lnkd.in/gWWRrBP View in LinkedIn

CHANGES IN TRAITS. "Plants recognize their kin and respond to growing with relatives with changes in functional traits." https://lnkd.in/ghemavh View in LinkedIn

LIGHT SIGNALS. "Plants recognized kin neighbours and horizontally reoriented leaf growth, a response not observed when plants were grown with nonkin. Plant kin recognition involved the perception of the vertical red/far-red light and blue light profiles. Light signals from neighbours are known to shape a more competitive plant body. Here we show that photosensory receptors mediate cooperative rather than competitive interactions among kin neighbours by reducing the competition for local pools of resources." https://lnkd.in/gA-pj6A View in LinkedIn