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"IN DIPLOID CELLS, heterozygous mutations often lead to no phenotypic changes because a functional allele on a second chromosome set can mask the effects of the disruption of the same allele on the first chromosome set." http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/10/23604/htm View in LinkedIn

AUTOMICTIC. "Thus, automictic parthenogenesis is the mechanism underlying the occasional production of sons and daughters well known for many species of bagworm moths and recently described in some reptile species, including Komodo dragons and snakes." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215007824 View in LinkedIn

"PLOIDY refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Diploid, meaning two chromosome sets, is the most common ploidy in animals. Diploid animals generally produce haploid gametes: for example, a mouse (M. musculus) has two genome sets (2n = 40) in somatic cells, and generates haploid (n = 20) sperm and oocytes. However, these haploid cells are generally limited in their life cycle." https://lnkd.in/gHK6Jfp View in LinkedIn

WHY SO PREVALENT. "We therefore suggest that constraints, resulting in an inability to overcome the changes in reproduction associated with the evolution of meiosis, should again be included in the debate over why sex is so prevalent." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

HIGHER FITNESS. "The genetic data we present here, along with our previous work demonstrating higher fitness for sexual reproduction and developmental constraints on asexual reproduction, suggest that returning to an asexual mode of reproduction is improbable although there appears to be genetic variation in ability to reproduce sexually or asexually." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

HARD TO GO BACK. "The evolution of sex itself may limit the ability of an organism to evolve parthenogenesis secondarily. Rather than asexual reproduction being at a competitive ecological disadvantage, constraints resulting from the evolution of meiosis and subsequent associated changes may place important limitations on the ability of an organism to return to an asexual mode of reproduction once sex has evolved." https://lnkd.in/gGTTSzx View in LinkedIn

SIBLING ROOT PATTERNS. "We found that kin groups allocated less to their fine root mass than did stranger groups when they competed below ground, indicating that these plants could discriminate relatives. Root allocation did not differ between kin and stranger groups grown in isolated pots, indicating that the cues for kin recognition lie in root interactions. Siblings were less competitive than strangers, which is consistent with kin selection." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

ROOT KIN RECOGNITION. "Here we show in the annual plant Cakile edentula, allocation to roots increased when groups of strangers shared a common pot, but not when groups of siblings shared a pot. Our results demonstrate that plants can discriminate kin in competitive interactions and indicate that the root interactions may provide the cue for kin recognition." http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/435.short View in LinkedIn

COMPETITIVE ROOT RESPONSE. "Recent evidence also indicates that allocation patterns in some plants differ if their roots encounter relatives compared with strangers. In general, plants grew roots or stems more aggressively when strangers were encountered compared with kin." http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1756/20123062.short View in LinkedIn

COMPETITIVE POTS. "Plants with competitors and heterogeneous soil nutrient distributions reduced their root growth only modestly. These data, although conflicting with the data from Broz et al. (2010), indicate that plant responses to its neighbours are heavily governed by the availability of the nutrient resources in soil." https://lnkd.in/d_tsqB7 View in LinkedIn