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SO ENDS this two weekend venture into the important differences between plants and animals. Plants are considerably dissimilar in many ways. Plants are in so many ways more like an alien species than they are like the animal world. Habituation to plants makes us blind to see the considerable differences of these splendidly different creatures who we share the planet with. See our green fellow travelers with fresh eyes enabled by the mind. View in LinkedIn

NUANCED CONTROL. “Epigenetic phenomena reflect alternative gene expression states that are maintained through multiple rounds of mitosis, and sometimes through meiosis. The alternative expression states are not due to mutation or changes in gene sequence and are reversible to varying degrees.” https://lnkd.in/gJYMEr2 View in LinkedIn

NO MASS CELL MIGRATION. “Plant cells do not slide or slip relative to one another. Organogenesis in flowering plants thus results almost entirely from patterned control of the numbers, places, and planes of cell divisions, coupled with regulated and coordinated cellular expansion.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867400818681 View in LinkedIn

CELL DEATH. “Plants do not use the standard animal mechanisms of cell migration and migration of sheets of cells, and although plants use programmed cell death in many ways, they do not appear to use it to achieve appropriate cell numbers in developing organs or stem cell populations.” https://lnkd.in/gpVeCM3 View in LinkedIn

GENE ACCUMULATION. "The Y chromosome is thus expected to accumulate genes beneficial for male functions, confining them to males, and male attractiveness genes in guppies are indeed often partially Y-linked. Once such genes have accumulated, there is a selective advantage to suppressing crossing over between them and the sex-determining regions of the proto-sex chromosomes." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

IMPORTANT DISTINCTION. “However, there are differences in the roles of hormones in plants and animals. For example, in animals, tissue morphogenesis often occurs through defined and invasive cell migration, whereas plant cells are immobilized due to rigid cell walls and thus have to rely on mobile signals to trigger comparable tissue reprogramming. In general, the synthesis of hormones in plants is not restricted to a particular, specialized tissue. Moreover, there is also extensive crosstalk between different hormonal and other signaling pathways that ultimately determine physiological outcomes.” http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740900258X View in LinkedIn

CROSSOVER ZONES. "Many sex chromosome pairs have suppressed recombination extending over much of the Y, except for a small 'pseudoautosomal' region or regions (PAR) to which pairing and recombination are restricted. Since one crossover per chromosome arm is often required for disjunction, crossover rates are likely to be extremely high in these regions." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

CELL MIGRATION. “What mostly distinguishes animals from plants during development is motility and migration of cells. An example of migrating cells is a population of neural crest cells seen in all the vertebrates, which emigrate from the neural tube during early development.” https://lnkd.in/gVFjvM2 View in LinkedIn

TWO GENETIC STREAMS. "It is often stated that sex chromosome evolution starts when one member of a chromosome pair acquires a sex-determination function, but this leaves out an important part of the evolution of genetic sex determination: two separate mutations, in order to produce genetically distinct females and males." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

MITOSIS DIFFERENCES exist between plants and animals. https://lnkd.in/gtXb3Gu View in LinkedIn