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ACCUMULATED VIROIDS. "The large chromosome size does not imply absence of genetic degeneration, nor a high expressed gene content. On the other hand, accumulation of repetitive sequences such as transposable elements on the Y does not necessarily imply degeneration. It may merely be a sign that recombination is rare." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

"NEO-SEX chromosome systems are known in many plants and animals, including XY1Y2 in the plant Rumex acetosa, and multiple sex chromosomes due to translocations in African misteltoes, termites, African pygmy mice and monotremes." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

VIROID FRAGMENT ACCUMULATION. "Transposable element accumulation is probably an early effect of restricted recombination, so one of the first changes affecting sex chromosomes may be increased DNA content. Plant Y chromosomes are often larger than the X chromosomes, consistent with recent origins." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

NEO-SEX CHROMOSOME. "Chromosomes newly subjected to a sex chromosomal inheritance pattern in this way are called 'neo-sex chromosomes'. A classic example is the Drosophila miranda Y-autosome fusion, which involves the homologue of the third chromosome of its close relative D. pseudoobscura." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FAVORED. "Sex chromosomes can evolve in several different ways, and that recombination suppression is favoured when genes are involved that interact with sex with respect to their effects on fitness." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION. "In addition to the creation of linkage between genes that were formerly on separate chromosomes, such rearrangements often reduce or suppress crossing over in the regions around the breakpoints in heterozygotes with the standard arrangement." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

SELECTION FAVORED. "Sex chromosomes can evolve in several different ways, and that recombination suppression is favoured when genes are involved that interact with sex with respect to their effects on fitness." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

FAVORED LINKAGE. "Translocations or centric fusions involving an autosome and a sex chromosome could also create linkage between sexually antagonistic genes and the sex chromosomes, and hence be favoured by natural selection." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

RECOMBINATION SUPPRESSION. "The fact that this evolutionary change occurs repeatedly suggests that recombination suppression between the sex chromosomes was actively favoured by selection, rather than being a consequence of rearrangements such as occasionally occur on all chromosomes." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

NO RECOMBINATION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES. "Whatever the mechanism, loss of X–Y recombination has occurred in different taxa, including repeated events in different fairly closely related lineages of birds and insects (Drosophila and mosquitoes, which have different sex chromosome gene content." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn