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GUT MICROBIOME EXAMPLE. “For instance, as recently reviewed, the role of the gut microflora community is becoming increasingly recognized as a key factor in the onset of inflammatory diseases.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

REDUCED EXPRESSION. "It is possible that a build-up of transposable elements on a proto-Y or neo-Y could reduce gene expression on these chromosomes, through chromatin modification due to dsRNA interference, which is known to be associated with the presence of transposable elements." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

NEW PARADIGM NEEDED. “The transition to a broader pathobiome perspective involves revisiting the Koch and Hill's postulates at the level of microbial communities, and raises the question of the nature and diversity of the microbiota present in a healthy individual, and of factors promoting the emergence of potentially disease-causing pathobiomes.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC DEGENERATION may be partly driven by this accumulation, or may occur independently later on. In the D. miranda neo-Y, transposable elements appear to be inserted either into introns or intergenic sequences, and hence do not directly disrupt gene function (although one insertion causes downregulation of a gene." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

OLDER LIMITED THINKING. “A large number of studies have been dedicated to understanding how a single pathogen interacts with its host, without taking into account the role of the overall microbial environment.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

"GENETIC DEGENERATION may be partly driven by this accumulation, or may occur independently later on. In the D. miranda neo-Y, transposable elements appear to be inserted either into introns or intergenic sequences, and hence do not directly disrupt gene function (although one insertion causes downregulation of a gene." https://lnkd.in/gCh5RAX View in LinkedIn

THE SHIFT. “A second major challenge is to shift from descriptive to functional metagenomics, in order to understand exactly how the pathobiome modulates pathogenesis, and to which extent it impacts on its environment, regardless of the ecological niche considered.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

REASONS FOR VIROID ACCUMULATION. "The reasons for transposable element build-up probably involve several processes. Elements that would normally be eliminated by ectopic exchange may fail to be eliminated from the neo-Y, due to lack of recombination. The efficacy of selective removal will also be reduced because of low recombination rates." http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v95/n2/full/6800697a.html View in LinkedIn

GREAT UNKNOWN. “It should be emphasized that we still only have a very limited understanding of how pathogenic agents themselves, including bacteriophages (as pathogens of bacteria), contribute to the functioning of many ecosystems.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn

BUG’S MASKED BALL. “Enterobacter bacterium from the Anopheles gut microbial flora renders mosquitoes resistant to infection with the human malaria parasite, by interfering with parasite development through the production of reactive oxygen species.” https://lnkd.in/gEfVGaC View in LinkedIn