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SUPPRESSION TIMING. "Comparison of male and female flowers from the various dioecious species reveals that the timing during flower development of the suppression event is enormously variable between species." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION OF ONE SEX. "It is evident that the floral dichotomy shown by dioecious plant species results from modification during development of a perfect flower by suppression of one or other organ sets." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

SEQUENCE DEGENERACY. "There is emerging evidence that plant sex chromosomes show some sequence degeneracy, as is the case in animal Y chromosomes, where the non-pairing segment of the Y chromosome largely lacks functional loci." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

VIRAL SEQUENCES AND SEX CHROMOSOMES. "In Rumex acetosa, sex chromosome specific repeated sequences have been described and the sex chromosomes appear to contain large amounts of retroviral and viral related sequences." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

PLOIDY EVENTS. "Although it is clear that the evolution of plant sex chromosomes is associated with large increases in the DNA amount, the reasons behind these increases and the types of sequence are not well understood." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

INDEPENDENT BUT SIMILAR. "Sex-chromosomes in flowering plants have evolved independently but have a number of features in common. The X and Y chromosomes are always the largest chromosomes in the complement (and probably in the entire genus) and the Y chromosomes (or summed Y-multiples) are much larger than the X in all species except Humulus lupulus and Viscum." https://lnkd.in/gb3zS32 View in LinkedIn

BAD GUY VIRUSES that have caused pandemics get the popular attention, and have killed hundreds of millions of people over the centuries. The 1918 explosive influenza pandemic killed more people than than the first world war. These have been fixed in the public imagination as the portrait of viruses, just nasty germs. https://lnkd.in/gtZ2Tfk View in LinkedIn

GLOBAL CYCLING IMPACT. “Viruses are the most abundant entities across all habitats, and a major reservoir of genetic diversity affecting biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics.” https://lnkd.in/gGriiyJ View in LinkedIn

GENETIC INNOVATORS. “The huge population of viruses, combined with their rapid rates of replication and mutation, makes them the world’s leading source of genetic innovation: they constantly “invent” new genes.” https://lnkd.in/gVBURjk View in LinkedIn

RECORD RATE OF HYPERMUTATION, in the HIV-1 virus genome: “an extremely high mutation rate of (4.1 ± 1.7) × 10(-3) per base per cell, the highest reported for any biological entity.” https://lnkd.in/gsDz7Gu View in LinkedIn