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FEMALE COSTS. "It is well established that maintaining ovarian tissue is energetically expensive whereas maintaining testicular tissue is relatively inexpensive. Maintaining ovarian tissue has negative impacts on individual survival, growth, immunocompetence and future reproductive efforts." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS COST. "Sex change is theorized to have evolved as a strategy for coping with sex-specific costs of reproduction. Selection should favor transitioning between sexes when fitness payoffs of the current sex are outweighed by the fitness payoffs of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

COSTS OF REPRODUCTION. "A central tenet of life history theory is that reproduction negatively impacts survival. For example, field-based studies in both brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) have shown that even a single reproductive event can significantly reduce survival." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

OVOTESTIS. "The mangrove rivulus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue in a single ovotestis, and is one of two known self-fertilizing hermaphroditic vertebrates, the other being its sister species K. hermaphroditus." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

ENERGY BALANCE. "Mangrove rivulus fish "populations consist of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and males. Hermaphrodites transition into males under certain environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that there are major differences between the sexes in energy allocation, with hermaphrodites exhibiting elevated maximum metabolic rates, and showing evidence of favoring investments in reproductive tissues over somatic growth." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FITNESS CALCULATION. "To maximize reproductive success, many animal species have evolved functional sex change. Theory predicts that transitions between sexes should occur when the fitness payoff of the current sex is exceeded by the fitness payoff of the opposite sex." https://lnkd.in/dfG4sX2 View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONALITY REVEALS DATA. “The genetic material could just as easily be a different variety of nucleic acid (or a different molecule altogether), as recently experimentally confirmed. It is the functionality of the expressed RNAs and proteins—not the bits—that is biologically important.” https://lnkd.in/ewsT9EQ View in LinkedIn

HARD DRIVE. “Rather, DNA is a (mostly) passive repository for transcription of stored data into RNA, some (but by no means all) of which goes on to be translated into proteins. The biologically relevant information stored in DNA therefore has very little to do with its specific chemical nature (beyond the fact that it is a digital linear polymer).” https://lnkd.in/ewsT9EQ View in LinkedIn

CONTEXTUALITY NOT BLUEPRINT. “The genome is only a small part of the story. DNA is not a blueprint for an organism: no information is actively processed by DNA alone.” https://lnkd.in/ewsT9EQ View in LinkedIn

“BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION has an additional quality which may roughly be called ‘functionality’—or ‘contextuality’—that sets it apart from a collection of mere bits.” https://lnkd.in/ewsT9EQ View in LinkedIn