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SPOROGENESIS IN PLANTS. "The formation of the plant reproductive lineages proceeds in two distinct phases: during sporogenesis, spores are formed by sporophytic (somatic) cells, whereas during gametogenesis the spores develop into mature gametophytes that harbour the male or female gametes." https://lnkd.in/ewV3vWP View in LinkedIn

STRESS TOLERANCE. "Allopolyploids may also endure environmental change better than autopolyploids, because the former may marshal more genetic resources through genome reorganization and greater flexibility in gene expression to cope with immediate stresses." https://lnkd.in/eee56_B View in LinkedIn

PROMISCUOUS HYBRIDS. "When pollinated by facultative apomictic tetraploids, the offspring generated were frequently fertile and highly sexual tetraploid hybrids. This was observed in a fixed setting, but is evidently occurring in nature due to the extensive variability within tetraploid populations that are associated with diploid colonies." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

FRESH TERRITORIES. "Polyploids with two or more genomes seem especially adept at colonizing habitats which are beyond the tolerances of their progenitors. An establishment advantage might also accrue for allopolyploids when neoautoploids have lower fertilities than neoalloploids." https://lnkd.in/eee56_B View in LinkedIn

CHAOTIC FUSIONS. "Diploids often produce cytologically unreduced female gametes, these unreduced gametes can fuse with normal haploid gametes (pollen) to generate triploid hybrids and, even more rarely, fuse with other unreduced gametes to produce tetraploids (having four copies of a single genome)." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

DOUBLING AND ERRORS. "Polyploids have been found to be derived from chromosome doubling in somatic cells, or more frequently come from sexual functioning of cytologically unreduced gametes (errors during meiosis)." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

PLOIDY MIXES. "It is hypothesized that diploid colonies are always a part of variable tetraploid populations as the populations are characterized to have frequent sexual reproduction that only diploid species are capable of in nature." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

POLYPLOID GRASSES. "Studying the grass family is extremely powerful in research for multiple reasons. With 80% of its species being polyploid, grasses are an ideal system to study as it may yield knowledge for understanding ploidy levels. This family is similarly the only large family where having a high frequency of polyploids has been a successful strategy throughout the family." http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Mueller,%20Marissa%20Thesis.pdf View in LinkedIn

BUMPY TRANSITION PHASE. "When initially creating a polyploid species there is a negative association of reproductive success that occurs which leaves species in distress. The initial phase (1st few generations) following polyploidy has been suggested to bottle-neck some species or cause decreased genetic variation and diversity so that specific genes are eliminated." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn

COUNTER-ARGUMENTS. "There have also been oppositions to the hypothesis that polyploidy events contribute to diversification. There have been plants (angiosperms, ferns, etc.) that have no evidence of increasing speciation due to polyploidization. It has also been suggested that polyploid lineages will have lower speciation rates that contribute to higher extinction rates in comparison to diploid lineages." https://lnkd.in/etn6Uea View in LinkedIn