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NECESSARY TRANSITIONS. "Given these detrimental effects, the existence of successful polyploid species and lineages indicates that natural selection can often promote transitions from multi- to bivalents that then segregate as in diploids. However, how such transitions are achieved at the molecular level remains a mystery." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

China’s moon mission to boldly go a step further View in LinkedIn

SO ENDS this consideration of where living things fit in the world of scale. The immensity of smallness on one hand, balances with the hugeness of immensity on the other. Life is sandwiched in between. Whether superorganisms such as bacteria and viruses add a few more orders of magnitude is as yet unknown. View in LinkedIn

SPACE BIOLOGY, driven by man’s thirst to explore other planets, is forcing us to consider the next series of scales. “Scientists observed that returning astronauts had grown taller and had substantially reduced bone and muscle mass.” They also have cognitive and immune problems. https://lnkd.in/dEPb-CN View in LinkedIn

PUT ANOTHER WAY. “On a logarithmic scale if the single cell life is considered to be at the zero point, Planck limit and Hubble horizon limit are equidistant.” https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

IN THE MIDDLE. “The single cell microbiological cells start at 10 to minus 5 meters. This is a very important scale, which is actually in the middle between the Planck scale and the universal and cosmological scale both these directions about 10 to minus 30 meters on the lower side to the Planck limit and 10 to plus 30 meters on the higher side to the Hubble horizon limit.” A unique article. https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

BEYOND THE MICROMETER SCALE (10(-6)) lies the milli- (10(-3)), centi- (10(-2)), deci- (10(-1)), and much further, the mega- (10(6)), giga- (10(9)), and tera- (10(12)). Properties of time, gravity, and space warp progressively with scale changes. Just as changes between states governed by different scales affect cells (such as light waves), so also, time, gravity and space will impact cells. We have ignored them because we believe there is no life in those realms. https://lnkd.in/d_2ckDP View in LinkedIn

THE MICROMETER SCALE. “Further, as we move to the micrometer scale, chemical behavior gives rise to physical and chemical properties which is the realm of organic and biochemistry. In addition, amino acids and their chains give rise to the realm of life and microbiology property.” http://darkmatterenergy.blogspot.com.es/2017/02/emergence-phenomena-between-different.html View in LinkedIn

LIGHT. “As we move to the scale which is the realm of few nanometers to few hundred nanometers, the properties of light at different wavelength take hold, where light of different wavelengths, interact with molecular bonds, exchanging energy in elastic and inelastic absorption and scattering, interacting with and exchanging energy in the different wavelengths with rotation and vibrational energies of the molecules and their interplay with energy bonds, when the electrons in the valence band are shared between two or more atoms of molecules.” http://darkmatterenergy.blogspot.com.es/2017/02/emergence-phenomena-between-different.html View in LinkedIn

DIFFERENT PROPERTIES. “There is also an over lap between the nano scale and the atomic, subatomic and elementary particle scale of a range of about two factors of ten. Plasmon resonance and other properties of the light when interacting with nano material and single layer of carbon called graphene are examples of the overlap and crossover.” http://darkmatterenergy.blogspot.com.es/2017/02/emergence-phenomena-between-different.html View in LinkedIn