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IN THE MIDDLE. “The single cell microbiological cells start at 10 to minus 5 meters. This is a very important scale, which is actually in the middle between the Planck scale and the universal and cosmological scale both these directions about 10 to minus 30 meters on the lower side to the Planck limit and 10 to plus 30 meters on the higher side to the Hubble horizon limit.” A unique article. https://lnkd.in/dfZFAM5 View in LinkedIn

BEYOND THE MICROMETER SCALE (10(-6)) lies the milli- (10(-3)), centi- (10(-2)), deci- (10(-1)), and much further, the mega- (10(6)), giga- (10(9)), and tera- (10(12)). Properties of time, gravity, and space warp progressively with scale changes. Just as changes between states governed by different scales affect cells (such as light waves), so also, time, gravity and space will impact cells. We have ignored them because we believe there is no life in those realms. https://lnkd.in/d_2ckDP View in LinkedIn

THE MICROMETER SCALE. “Further, as we move to the micrometer scale, chemical behavior gives rise to physical and chemical properties which is the realm of organic and biochemistry. In addition, amino acids and their chains give rise to the realm of life and microbiology property.” http://darkmatterenergy.blogspot.com.es/2017/02/emergence-phenomena-between-different.html View in LinkedIn

RESETTING. "Alternative transposable element silencing mechanisms, such as those involving small RNAs, may have evolved to ensure proper transposable element control during epigenetic resetting. For example, these mechanisms involve piRNA and/or endo-siRNA in mammal male and female germ lines, respectively, and transfer of siRNA from the central cell to the egg cell in plant female gametophytes." https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

SECONDARY ASEXUALITY. "Unless meiosis can be entirely bypassed (as e.g. with vegetative reproduction), secondary asexuality is likely to evolve via modification of meiosis, keeping much of the cell signalling and machinery intact." https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

VULNERABILITY. "Meiosis may be specifically vulnerable to transposable element activity for several reasons. These include (1) deficient synapsis and repair due to the reshuffling of meiotic machinery towards transposable element-induced double strand breaks, (2) ectopic recombination among transposable elements, (3) interference with synapsis due to transposable element transcriptional activity." https://lnkd.in/e2tp_G5 View in LinkedIn

ASEXUAL MUTANTS. "The question of how a mitotic asexual mutant can invade a sexual species is at the heart of the debate on the evolutionary maintenance of sex, as this is what is investigated in most theoretical models, and is the situation where the cost of sex is most evident." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

RESETTING RISKS. "Many epigenetic pathways repress the activity of transposable elements, and so resetting epigenetic marks exposes the genome to mobilisation of these elements, which may be particularly detrimental when producing gametes." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

SEXUAL REVERSAL. "Examples of meiosis-derived modes of asexual reproduction include chromosome doubling prior to meiosis (“endomitosis” or “pre-meiotic doubling”), fusion of two of the four products of a single meiosis (“automixis” in animals, “within-tetrad mating” in fungi), and suppression of one of the two meiotic divisions." http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/04/28/050831.full.pdf View in LinkedIn

Wildflower planting on farms boosts birds, from skylarks to starlings View in LinkedIn