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THE FEW CONTINUING SEEDS. “Mass extinctions have never entirely reset the evolutionary clock: even the huge losses at the end of the Permian, which appear to have permanently restructured marine and terrestrial communities, left enough taxa and functional groups standing to seed the recovery process without the origin of new phyla.” https://lnkd.in/epHhn4i) View in LinkedIn

LAST SHOT. "Semelparous organisms have a simple life cycle characterized by immediate death after reproduction." https://lnkd.in/eHQg5U4 View in LinkedIn

PERILOUS BOTTLENECKS. “Analysis of extinctions in the Late Permian indicates that as many as 96 percent of all marine species may have died out, thus forcing the marine biosphere to pass through a small bottleneck.” https://lnkd.in/ecZCYp9 View in LinkedIn

SEMELPARITY AND DEATH. "Semelparity is common in long-lived plants, occurring in representatives of at least 20 different families. In most cases, the proximate mechanisms of death are unknown, but there is evidence in some species for an internally generated “senescence signal”, which may be a hormone." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

SEMELPAROUS SPECIES. "In some species, there is considerable empirical evidence for a tightly regulated “death program”, or organismal initiation and control of the process leading to death." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

SENESCENCE. "The strongest appearance of programmed organismal death in organismal senescence is found in semelparous species, which reproduce only once during the life cycle. A common pattern in these species is that individuals appear healthy up to the time of reproduction, then decline rapidly and dramatically afterward. Mortality in these cases is often 100%, with no obvious environmental cause." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

DEATH FOR FITNESS. "If a large organism can build itself from a single cell, why can it not maintain itself once built? Or can organismal death actually be adaptive in some cases, in the sense of increasing Darwinian fitness?" https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

SELF-INFLICTED DEATH. "Two main categories of putative programmed organismal death: senescence in macro-organisms and programmed cell death in unicellular microorganisms." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

HIGHER LEVEL SELECTION. "If death is the function of programmed organismal death (i.e., if programmed organismal death is an adaptation for promoting death), then programmed organismal death must be selected for at a level other than the organism level." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn

PROGRAMMED ORGANISMAL DEATH. "This review was motivated by the observation that diverse organisms apparently have such active, internal death-promoting mechanisms and by the subtle and difficult conceptual issues that understanding the evolution of this kind of trait raises." https://lnkd.in/ecP3KMX View in LinkedIn