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ABC OF ALL MATTER. “It all comes down to proton and neutron number at the end of the day. The number of protons tells you what type of element it is. So, you have hydrogen with one proton; helium with two protons and you build your way up through the periodic table adding more and more protons.” https://lnkd.in/efDcCRq View in LinkedIn

WITH AND WITHOUT MARKERS. “To have a phenotypic change that is genetically fixed, it is usually assumed that there exists a specific genetic marker or a combination of markers that characterizes the phenotype. However, because a particular phenotype can be genetically fixed via many genetic patterns, it is also possible to have a phenotypic change that is genetically fixed, but without a particular marker common to the population.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL EXPLANTATION. “We offer a simple explanation that only requires asymmetric selection and phenotypic variance, both of which are universal properties of natural systems.” https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM 2. Intrapopulational crossings that keep the population within certain limits of variability.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM 1. “Accumulation of mutations in the newly non-transcribed or functionally non-obligatory parts of the genome; we can call this process as ‘forgetting of un-used’.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

“STOCHASTIC (non-selectional) genetic processes that make the adaptations genetically inheritable (irreversible) include at least two aspects (mechanisms) or effects.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

CONCEPT. “The Genetic Fixation of Adaptation without Differential Reproduction.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

THIRD EVENT. “If the new situation with the new gene expression profile lasts long enough, then mutations that are selectively neutral in the new environment would gradually accumulate and eventually individuals in the derived population might be incapable of developing the ancestral phenotype, even in the old environment.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

SECOND EVENT. “The new gene expression profile can last for many generations due to reasons which are not genetic.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

FIRST EVENT. “A population happens to face new conditions (due to a change of their environment, either locally or due to migration, of food, or symbionts, etc.) and the organisms of this population accommodate to the new conditions via a physiological adjustment (as related to the trophic or behavioural change); this may change their gene expression profile, as it often does (without a change of genome, yet).” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn