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FIXED WITHOUT MARKER. “A simple example can be a case in which a phenotypic change would become irreversible if a certain gene was permanently switched off.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

OVER-REACH. “Eco-evolutionary feedbacks between population abundances and asymmetric selection further exaggerate these defences.” https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

WITH AND WITHOUT MARKERS. “To have a phenotypic change that is genetically fixed, it is usually assumed that there exists a specific genetic marker or a combination of markers that characterizes the phenotype. However, because a particular phenotype can be genetically fixed via many genetic patterns, it is also possible to have a phenotypic change that is genetically fixed, but without a particular marker common to the population.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

VESTIGIAL EXPLANTATION. “We offer a simple explanation that only requires asymmetric selection and phenotypic variance, both of which are universal properties of natural systems.” https://lnkd.in/e5R5vQe View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM 2. Intrapopulational crossings that keep the population within certain limits of variability.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

MECHANISM 1. “Accumulation of mutations in the newly non-transcribed or functionally non-obligatory parts of the genome; we can call this process as ‘forgetting of un-used’.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

“STOCHASTIC (non-selectional) genetic processes that make the adaptations genetically inheritable (irreversible) include at least two aspects (mechanisms) or effects.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

CONCEPT. “The Genetic Fixation of Adaptation without Differential Reproduction.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

THIRD EVENT. “If the new situation with the new gene expression profile lasts long enough, then mutations that are selectively neutral in the new environment would gradually accumulate and eventually individuals in the derived population might be incapable of developing the ancestral phenotype, even in the old environment.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn

SECOND EVENT. “The new gene expression profile can last for many generations due to reasons which are not genetic.” https://lnkd.in/eS_4y_J View in LinkedIn