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THE FACIAL MODIOLUS. “In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry.” https://lnkd.in/daNTbUH) View in LinkedIn

FLOATING GENE ISLANDS. “In some cases, horizontal gene transfer has become so common that it is possible to think of some “floating” genes more as attributes of the environment in which they are useful rather than as attributes of any individual bacterium or strain or “species” that happens to carry them.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

THE HUMAN SMILE. “Monkeys, imitators of man's gesture never shared smile with him and their facial expressions only result in grimaces. Study of animal anatomy may explain why subtle expressions of the lips are a more man's special gift than laughter.” https://lnkd.in/dg2kCaB View in LinkedIn

“THE NASOLABIAL FOLD varies considerably from person to person. Three main groups may be distinguished: convex, concave, and straight. It is the muscles of smiling that are directly responsible for the shape and depth of the fold, and in their absence of function, as in facial palsy, the nasolabial fold disappears.” (Laugh lines). https://lnkd.in/dGeUA-g View in LinkedIn

SIGNALS OF EMOTION. “The orbicularis oris is a complex sphincter that functions in conjunction with the muscles of facial expression. The orbicularis oris circles around the upper and lower lips and compresses, contracts and protrudes the lips. The gamut of emotions and actions can be expressed with this sphincter muscle.” Mona Lisa lives. https://lnkd.in/dRMaFi5 View in LinkedIn

FUNCTIONAL QUESTION. “The orbicularis-oris-muscle-complex...one of the most complex muscles in the human face.” https://lnkd.in/dy_Wee2 View in LinkedIn

TWENTY ONE. “The muscles associated with the movement of the lips (mouth) are (on each side): four elevators, four depressors and two muscles lateral to the angle. This totals twenty pared and one unpaired muscle.” Good description of the muscular mechanics of facial expressions. https://lnkd.in/dG53As2 View in LinkedIn

BY-PRODUCT. “The diversity of facial expressions produced by these muscles is only a side effect of their true function.” https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/147238 View in LinkedIn

ORIFICE CONTROL. “The muscles of facial expression are arranged around the orifices of the face (orbita, mouth and nose). Their function is thus to control these orifices as sphincters and dilators.” https://lnkd.in/dG53As2 View in LinkedIn

FACIAL MUSCLES. “The human face has the greatest mobility and facial display repertoire among all primates. However, the variables that account for this are not clear. Humans and other anthropoids have remarkably similar mimetic musculature. This suggests that differences among the mimetic muscles alone may not account for the increased mobility and facial display repertoire seen in humans.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn