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TENDON SURROGATE. “The SMAS functions like a tendon system for the mimetic muscles. Most skeletal muscles have connective tissue tendons that attach to bony landmarks and these tendons transmit muscle contractile force to the bone to produce movement. The SMAS acts as “tendons” for the mimetic muscles which function to produce movement of the soft-tissue face, notably during facial displays or facial expressions.” (SMAS = the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system). https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

TISSUE CONNECTIONS. “SMAS (the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system), a connective tissue layer enclosing the mimetic musculature located between the skin and deep fascia/periosteum.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

HUMAN MID-FACE. “These five layers are concentric and continuous, covering the entire face and scalp, but with variable expression of each layer according to the function of the particular region.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

NUTS AND BOLTS. “The anatomy of the human mid-face can be conceptualized as five basic tissue layers: (1) skin, (2) subcutaneous adipose, (3) musculoaponeurotic, (4) loose areolar tissue and retaining ligaments, and (5) deep fascia including periosteum.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

GENE PARADIGM SHIFTS. “Biology is no stranger to paradigm shifts. Before the advent of molecular biology, classical genetics was based on the notions that genes are the fundamental units of mutation, of recombination, and of heredity, and that they are arranged on the chromosomes like beads on a string. New insights, generated by molecular analysis, forced a recognition that there were, in fact, no fundamental units, no beads, and no string.” https://lnkd.in/ewnQ9Vg View in LinkedIn

HUMAN FACIAL REPERTOIRE. “Our understanding of the factors that account for this enhanced mobility remains incomplete. Differences between humans and other primates in mimetic muscle morphology, physiology, and neurobiology may not, by themselves, hold the ultimate answer.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

ECOSYSTEM SUCCESSIONS. “These findings suggest that microbial ecosystems may routinely and rapidly undergo profound changes in community structure that, for multi-cellular eukaryotes, would be described as a major ecological succession. Among multi-cellular eukaryotes, however, a major ecosystem succession may take years, decades, or even centuries, whereas dynamic changes in microbial communities may well occur over hours or days.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

UNIQUE ASSET. “The facial display (or facial expression) repertoire of humans is also greater than other primates. Clearly, mounting evidence in morphology, physiology, neurobiology, and behavior indicates that the human face is uniquely mobile in generating facial displays.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn

DOMINANT POPULATIONS. “From a biodiversity perspective this means that, in principle, a rare prokaryotic species (say, 0.1 % of the population) could become the dominant species (say, 90 % of the population) in a very short period of time. Some recent reports suggest that this does in fact occur in natural populations.” https://standardsingenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0180-8 View in LinkedIn

PRIMED FOR SPEED. “Mimetic muscle physiology is also derived in humans relative to other primates. It has long been known that human mimetic muscles are dominated by fast-twitch (type II) myosin fibers.” https://lnkd.in/di-WAXE View in LinkedIn