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JENNER’S WITHDRAWAL. “After a decade of being honored and reviled in more or less equal measure, he gradually withdrew from public life and returned to the practice of country medicine in Berkeley. Sorrows crowded in on him, and he withdrew even further from public life.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

JENNER’S ACTIVE LATE CAREER. “In 1821, he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. He continued to investigate natural history, and in 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his "Observations on the Migration of Birds" to the Royal Society.” https://lnkd.in/dj2sruA View in LinkedIn

OBSESSED. “Although he received worldwide recognition and many honors, Jenner made no attempt to enrich himself through his discovery. He actually devoted so much time to the cause of vaccination that his private practice and his personal affairs suffered severely. However, he not only received honors but also found himself subjected to attacks and ridicule” often by the clergy. https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

HUMAN FLUID CULTURE MEDIUM. “Naturally occurring cases of cowpox were not common, but it was discovered that the vaccine could be “carried” in humans and reproduced and disseminated human-to-human. Jenner’s original vaccination used lymph from the cowpox pustule on a milkmaid, and subsequent “arm-to-arm” vaccinations applied the same principle...this transfer of human fluids came with its own set of complications.” (Such as the unwitting transfer of other unrelated diseases). https://lnkd.in/dR86xtq View in LinkedIn

HOME BREW VACCINE. “Although sometimes embarrassed by a lack of supply, Jenner sent vaccine to his medical acquaintances and to anyone else who requested it.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. “Some people recognized that the practice of variolation not only increased the incidence and prevalence of the disease in England, but that the practice had also probably increased the severity of the disease. Because of these beliefs, variolation was made illegal for a time in mid-century, across the channel in France. It was also eventually made illegal in England in 1840.” https://lnkd.in/ettvWHm View in LinkedIn

EXACT VACCINE UNCERTAIN. “Some modern virologists believe that the vaccine used to immunize people throughout the 19th century was closer in form to smallpox than to cowpox; in other words, that vaccination was variolation by another name. The truth is that we just don’t know —and because no samples of the 19th century vaccine survive, we may never know.” https://lnkd.in/eYNfQxg View in LinkedIn

VACCINE ACCEPTANCE. “Despite errors, many controversies, and chicanery, the use of vaccination spread rapidly in England, and by the year 1800, it had also reached most European countries.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

STILL UNKNOWN. “The recent discovery of giant viruses infecting protists shows that we are still far from saturation in the study of viral diversity. Nevertheless, paraphrasing Einstein, the most astonishing finding about the virus world is that its history appears to be tractable.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn

SAD COLLATERAL DAMAGE. “Jenner’s son died at age 21 from tuberculosis, which has been linked to the smallpox vaccine. Despite his death, Jenner continued testing his vaccine on many others producing varying results such as vaccine-induced smallpox and vaccine-induced tuberculosis.” https://lnkd.in/dJxnizw View in LinkedIn