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GLOBAL ERADICATION. “On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly announced that the world was free of smallpox and recommended that all countries cease vaccination.” Arguably, this also left the world vulnerable to a future outbreak. https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

THE SWITCH. “Eventually, vaccination was accepted, and in 1840, the British government banned variolation – the use of smallpox to induce immunity – and provided vaccination using cowpox free of charge.” https://lnkd.in/dj2sruA View in LinkedIn

JENNER’S WITHDRAWAL. “After a decade of being honored and reviled in more or less equal measure, he gradually withdrew from public life and returned to the practice of country medicine in Berkeley. Sorrows crowded in on him, and he withdrew even further from public life.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

JENNER’S ACTIVE LATE CAREER. “In 1821, he was appointed physician extraordinary to King George IV, and was also made mayor of Berkeley and justice of the peace. He continued to investigate natural history, and in 1823, the last year of his life, he presented his "Observations on the Migration of Birds" to the Royal Society.” https://lnkd.in/dj2sruA View in LinkedIn

OBSESSED. “Although he received worldwide recognition and many honors, Jenner made no attempt to enrich himself through his discovery. He actually devoted so much time to the cause of vaccination that his private practice and his personal affairs suffered severely. However, he not only received honors but also found himself subjected to attacks and ridicule” often by the clergy. https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

HUMAN FLUID CULTURE MEDIUM. “Naturally occurring cases of cowpox were not common, but it was discovered that the vaccine could be “carried” in humans and reproduced and disseminated human-to-human. Jenner’s original vaccination used lymph from the cowpox pustule on a milkmaid, and subsequent “arm-to-arm” vaccinations applied the same principle...this transfer of human fluids came with its own set of complications.” (Such as the unwitting transfer of other unrelated diseases). https://lnkd.in/dR86xtq View in LinkedIn

HOME BREW VACCINE. “Although sometimes embarrassed by a lack of supply, Jenner sent vaccine to his medical acquaintances and to anyone else who requested it.” https://lnkd.in/eQfnZZv View in LinkedIn

UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. “Some people recognized that the practice of variolation not only increased the incidence and prevalence of the disease in England, but that the practice had also probably increased the severity of the disease. Because of these beliefs, variolation was made illegal for a time in mid-century, across the channel in France. It was also eventually made illegal in England in 1840.” https://lnkd.in/ettvWHm View in LinkedIn

INTERPRETIVE THEORIES. “The new cover of Experimental Biology and Medicine features the hermeneutic circle of biology, a concept we have adapted from the hermeneutic principle that one understands the whole only in terms of each part and the parts only in terms of the whole.” https://lnkd.in/dgZEzC6 View in LinkedIn

EMERGING PRINCIPLES. “One such key principle is the unity of the evolutionary processes among viruses and capsid-less selfish elements. However, the equally fundamental, complementary principle is the evolutionary persistence of viral morphogenetic modules.” http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12728/full View in LinkedIn