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DEFINITION OF BIOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY has been, not unexpectedly, a bone of contention among the quarrelsome and long-eared thinkers in biology. At times, getting biologists to agree on anything appears to be a task worthy of Sisyphus. View in LinkedIn

MESHING SCHEDULES. “Dynamics of biological systems with different time scales. Not only between systems driven by different clocks such as populations versus nerve cells, but importantly also within a single organism which operates on clocks, with several orders of magnitude differences, such as 10(-6) to 10(6).” https://lnkd.in/d-2cRZ5 View in LinkedIn

SLOPPY SPACE. “The adaptation to perturbation imposes a selection pressure and does not come as a fast response but rather as an evolved phenotypic outcome in a sloppy space.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

EVOLVABLE ROBUSTNESS. “Higher levels of organization, like populations and species, also exhibit temporal variation. Robustness emerges as an evolvable property, as systems adapt to stress in changing environmental conditions through mutations and genetic drift. These changes span much longer time scales.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

MODULARITY AND SYNCHRONIZATION. “Modularity is clearly seen in periodic processes like circadian rhythms or the cell cycle. These and other processes are temporally regulated through a precise orchestration of transcriptional events and post-translational modifications.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SOLUTIONS TO TEMPORAL COMPLEXITY. “Inevitably, the complexity and variation produced by temporal changes introduces a challenge on the system in maintaining robustness. This is reconciled through modularity and synchronization.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

REGULATION OF COMPLEXITY. “Temporal complexity also scales with structural complexity: more complex organisms need increased regulation of various biological processes, hence the emergence of different levels of time-coupled responses.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SPACE AND TIME. “All cellular functions and fate decisions are governed by spatiotemporal design principles: circadian rhythms, cell division, development, metabolism, etc.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

FRACTAL TIME. “Time, like many other aspects of biology, is fractal in nature, when considered at a range of scales spanning, for example, species-level interactions to the cellular and molecular level.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SCALING WITH SIZE. “Different biological time scales. Timing of processes scales with size: from the long-term evolutionary processes at the population level, to dynamics within a single population, timing during organism and organ development, down to cellular and subcellular processes.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn