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SOLUTIONS TO TEMPORAL COMPLEXITY. “Inevitably, the complexity and variation produced by temporal changes introduces a challenge on the system in maintaining robustness. This is reconciled through modularity and synchronization.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

REGULATION OF COMPLEXITY. “Temporal complexity also scales with structural complexity: more complex organisms need increased regulation of various biological processes, hence the emergence of different levels of time-coupled responses.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SPACE AND TIME. “All cellular functions and fate decisions are governed by spatiotemporal design principles: circadian rhythms, cell division, development, metabolism, etc.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

FRACTAL TIME. “Time, like many other aspects of biology, is fractal in nature, when considered at a range of scales spanning, for example, species-level interactions to the cellular and molecular level.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

SCALING WITH SIZE. “Different biological time scales. Timing of processes scales with size: from the long-term evolutionary processes at the population level, to dynamics within a single population, timing during organism and organ development, down to cellular and subcellular processes.” https://lnkd.in/dnbEczB View in LinkedIn

THE BIG QUESTION. "Nevertheless, germline DNA appears to remain sufficiently pristine to maintain fairly stable phenotypes over many generations. How do species avoid accumulating damage when composed of individuals that do?" http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=RD14514 View in LinkedIn

HOW AND WHY. “More than 50 years ago Ernst Mayr introduced the distinction between “proximate” and “ultimate” causes in biology. In this now classical theory, proximate causes act via short-term physiological processes, and ultimate causes act via long-term evolutionary processes. Put simply, the proximate cause addresses the question of “how?” and the ultimate cause addresses the “why?”. https://lnkd.in/dcBi6Jp View in LinkedIn

THE FATE OF ALL SPECIES. "Although individuals accumulate damage, species usually do not become increasingly damaged; however, this could be one of the mechanisms for eventual extinction or evolution to a different species, the apparent fate of essentially all species." http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=RD14514 View in LinkedIn

4.6 BILLION YEARS IN ONE HOUR. https://lnkd.in/dqzFaz4 View in LinkedIn

ASSAULTS ON CELLS. "Nature has developed numerous mechanisms to counteract these problems, such as proofreading enzymes, ubiquitous antioxidants and apoptotic death of unfit cells. However, none of these is completely effective." https://lnkd.in/dtrQAMw View in LinkedIn