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COMPETITION BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA. "Mutant mitochondria that lose a certain gene by deletion are considered to replicate more rapidly than normal ones, resulting in an advantage in intracellular competition. If the competition is intense, heteroplasmic individuals possessing both types of mitochondria change to homoplasmic individuals including mutant mitochondria only, with high probability." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

ORGANELLE SYMBIOSIS. "Endosymbiotic theory states that mitochondria originated as bacterial intracellular symbionts, the size of the mitochondrial genome gradually reducing over a long period owing to, among other things, gene transfer from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Such gene transfer was observed in more genes in animals than in plants, implying a higher transfer rate of animals." https://lnkd.in/d3qRpgD View in LinkedIn

INTEGRATING SUITES OF TRAITS. "The developmental mechanism of preferential allocation has implication for the evolution of suites of traits. Depending on the mechanism, it may be possible not only to change the strength of the allocation but also to change the allocation partners during evolution. Thus evolution of the allocation tradeoff itself may play a role in the evolution of morphological integration of traits." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

VELOCITY OPTION. "Finally, it is possible that fast-growing tissues are resource-limited but slow-growing ones are not, so that a small excess in resources freed up by diminution or removal of one body part only affects the growth of the fastest-growing tissues." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

TEMPORAL OPTION. "Alternatively, it is possible that tissues whose growth periods coincide in time share certain resources that are not available to other tissues and, therefore, compete with each other but not with other tissues." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

SPATIAL OPTION. "It is possible that allocation is compartmentalized so that tissues that are physically close to the site of loss receive a disproportionate to amount of the excess resource." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

https://lnkd.in/dFnjHSQ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763404000259 View in LinkedIn

TRAIT SPECIFIC. "It is significant that the allocation tradeoff is not diffuse or generalized but is concentrated on only one or a few traits. There are several possible developmental mechanisms that could explain the preferential allocation of excess resources to certain tissues and not to others." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

SELFISH BRAIN. "The presented model includes a newly discovered ‘principle of balance’ of how pairs of high and low-affinity receptors can originate setpoints in biological systems. In this ‘Selfish Brain Theory’, the neocortex and limbic system play a central role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as anorexia nervosa and obesity." View in LinkedIn

EITHER-OR. "Increased growth of one trait occurs at the expense of growth in other traits, without overall changes in the size of the animal, much as faster-growing cells (e.g., minute+ cells expressed in a minute− background) out-compete neighboring cells for space within a growing imaginal disc without affecting the final size of the disc." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn