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NUTRIENT FUNNELING TO BRAIN. "The brain has two possibilities to ensure its energy supply: allocation or intake of nutrients. The term ‘allocation’ refers to the allocation of energy resources between the brain and the periphery." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763404000259 View in LinkedIn

THIRD REGULATION. "Herein we illustrate a third and intermediate level of size regulation, manifest as what appears to be competition among growing traits within late-stage larvae immediately prior to pupation. Superficially, at least, the mechanism of trait competition described herein is similar to the process of cell competition and compensatory growth that operates within compartments of individual imaginal discs." http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

BRAIN METABOLISM WINS. "Here we present a new paradigm for the regulation of energy supply within the organism. The brain gives priority to regulating its own adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration. In that postulate, the peripheral energy supply is only of secondary importance." https://lnkd.in/dFnjHSQ View in LinkedIn

EXTERNAL REGULATORS. "It is clear that these trait-autonomous processes are also regulated at a higher level. In insects, developmental hormones such as the ecdysteroids and JHs and external factors such as starvation and extreme temperatures are known to affect whole-animal growth and thus also the final sizes of traits." (JH = juvenile hormone). http://www.pnas.org/content/95/7/3685.full View in LinkedIn

LIMITED RESOURCES. "Consequently, the number and the life expectancy of a B-cell clone vary according to the presence or absence of competitor populations. This process of lymphocyte competition is likely controlled by a common need for resources that are in limited supply." http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0095.x/full View in LinkedIn

DIPLOID AND HAPLOID. "Diploid (2n) describes a cell that contain two copies of each chromosome. Nearly all the cells in the human body carry two homologous, or similar, copies of each chromosome. The only exception is cells in the germ line, which go on to produce gametes, or egg and sperm cells. Germ line cells are haploid (n), which means they contain a single set of chromosomes. In diploid cells, one set of chromosomes is inherited from the individual's mother, while the second is inherited from the father. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each diploid cell." https://lnkd.in/dMr2dWf View in LinkedIn

HALVING CHROMOSOMES. "Sexually reproducing organisms rely on the precise reduction of chromosome number during a specialized cell division called meiosis. Whereas mitosis produces diploid daughter cells from diploid cells, meiosis generates haploid gametes from diploid precursors." An outstanding review of meiosis. https://lnkd.in/dd-eUTZ View in LinkedIn

GENETIC REFRESHING. "Meiosis is the cell division that reshuffles genetic information between generations." https://lnkd.in/dE-FQEZ View in LinkedIn

GONADAL MEIOSIS. "Once in the gonad, germ cells acquire sex-specific morphologies and the ability to undergo meiosis to generate egg and sperm." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740800202X View in LinkedIn

GERM CELL SET ASIDE. "Germ cells are the founder cells of all sexually reproducing organisms. During development, they are set aside from all somatic cells of the embryo. In many species, germ cells form at the fringe of the embryo proper and then traverse through several developing somatic tissues on their journey to the emerging gonad." (Excellent review). https://lnkd.in/dH2DC3D View in LinkedIn