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DIAGNOSTIC. "A major source of signs of sex for any species is its genome." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

QUANDARY. "The pervasiveness of sex, given its varied and potentially large costs, is highly perplexing." https://lnkd.in/ePUmiA8 View in LinkedIn

EUK AND ASEXUALITY. "Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the majority of extant eukaryotic diversity, are much more ready to accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evidence of sexual processes." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

ANEUPLOIDY AND CANCER. "It is now known that aneuploidy is associated with many forms of cancer." https://lnkd.in/dd-eUTZ View in LinkedIn

THE EUK MYTH. "The list of eukaryotic species that lack strong direct evidence for meiotic sex, but that seem sexual, as suggested by the presence of these meiosis-associated genes, is growing longer and longer." https://lnkd.in/deZ8DED View in LinkedIn

"GENE DUPLICATION is thought to contribute most to the generation of new genes. A single or few new gene structure(s) can be formed at one time by DNA-based duplication (the copying and pasting of DNA sequence from one genomic region to another) or retroposition. While DNA-based duplications are often tandem, retroposed genes most often move to a new genomic environment, where they must acquire new regulatory elements or risk becoming processed pseudogenes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

OVER TWELVE MECHANISMS. "How are new gene structures formed? Mutation toward a new gene structure is the first step of new gene evolution, and at least a dozen distinct molecular processes are known that contribute to the formation of new genes." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GENE MODIFICATION. "Most mechanisms to form new gene structures...result in certain structural changes in the new gene. For example, new genes created by RNA-based duplication (retroposition, retrogenes) most often lack introns, add a stretch of adenine nucleotide at their 3’ end, and contain a pair of short flanking direct repeats (these signals fade with evolutionary time)." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

GRIST FOR THE MILL. "Both before and after fixation, the protogene accumulates mutations that confer on it new structures and beneficial, sometimes novel, functions which are acted on by natural selection." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

EARLY GENE LIFE. "New gene origination is a microevolutionary process. A protogene structure is first generated by a mutation in a single germ cell genome. This protogene structure must then spread through the population until it is fixed. Various evolutionary forces, such as natural selection and genetic drift, govern the spread of the protogene through the population, thus making protogene fixation a population genetic process." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn