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MECHANISMS BY THE NUMBERS. "Work in humans and Drosophila suggests that ~80% of genes are formed by DNA-based duplication, 5% - 10% by de novo duplication, and ~10% by retroposition." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

JUMPING GENES. “Transposable elements can contribute to functional divergence between duplicate genes in several ways. Transposable elements can mediate gene recombination by carrying coding sequences from one part of the genome to another, and can even themselves be incorporated into existing coding sequences. In addition, Transposable elements were recently found to be a source of micro-RNAs, major components of post-transcriptional regulation of expression." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATORY SYSTEM NEED. "New genes must acquire a specific transcription regulatory system to ensure certain temporal and spatial expression patterns.” https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

SUPPRESSION AND REWIRING. "Li et al., showed that a de novo gene in yeast can suppress a previously existing mating type-control pathway thus rewiring the structure of gene networks in the species." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

REGULATED BY OFFSPRING. “McCarrey and Riggs predicted that pseudogenes may regulate their parental genes, similar to long non-coding RNAs or miRNAs." https://lnkd.in/dvpUaYF View in LinkedIn

ANCIENT GENOME EDITING. "What were the disadvantages of circular chromosomes that could have ensured the supremacy of an incipient eukaryote with linear chromosomes? It has been suggested that the answer lies in the first division of meiosis. Meiosis may have first evolved as a mechanism to correct polyploidy arising from genome segregation mistakes." https://lnkd.in/d8Qr_bk View in LinkedIn

SUCCESSFUL CIRCULAR DESIGN. "Before the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes emerged ∼1 Gy ago, circular chromosomes had been successfully used for 2 Gy and they continue to predominate in the most common organisms on this planet (eubacteria and archaea)." https://lnkd.in/d8Qr_bk View in LinkedIn

WHY CIRCULAR CHROMOSOMES? "Meiosis entails chromosome segregation, and thus it is important to consider the nature of the chromosomes involved given that most modern prokaryotes have circular genomes." http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/3/a016154.full View in LinkedIn

EDITING EPIGENETICS. "Assuming some epigenetic defects are nevertheless transmitted to the next generation, sexual reproduction and outbreeding would be advantageous because they provide the opportunity for their removal at the next meiosis. Inbreeding would be disadvantageous, because it increases the probability that epigenetic defects would become homozygous and could no longer be removed by recombination." https://lnkd.in/dx9WaSq View in LinkedIn

EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. "It is proposed that the absence of a functionally important methyl group in a promotor or operater region produces a recombinator or signal for the initiation of recombination. The formation of hybrid DNA in this region then allows the lost methyl groups to be replaced by maintenance methylase activity. The removal of epigenetic defects by recombination during meiosis therefore becomes an essential part of a reprogramming and rejuvenation process." http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/6400219 View in LinkedIn